and argument to things not important is a species of mental gymnastics; and, if during the dark ages the philosophers who used these faculties left no other legacy to posterity than a sharpened capacity for logical reasoning, they are surely deserving of recog nition and gratitude; for this inherited tendency is now being used by scientific minds, the world over, in elucidating the laws and truths of Nature. Hence, we owe them thanks. They had their pleasure and enjoyment out of this faculty; we are reaping the harvest of utility and certain knowledge from this our royal inheri

tance.

Physiognomy, in acting the part of a benefactor to the poor, overworked brain, has done it a great service in surveying the field of mental labor and in assigning to each faculty a locality and a headquarters from which it derives its power. When scientific physiognomy divided up the faculties and lifted the labor of nearly all of these off the brain, where they had been placed by phrenology, it was found that there were very few indeed that could claim the brain as their exclusive seat and source. Even the reasoning faculties, which one might think should be classed as purely mental faculties, physiology shows that even these purely mental faculties (if any can be so distinguished) are indebted to a broad and normal development of all the visceral organs for the power essential to their highest expression. Yet, they do not require either a fine development of bone or muscle to assist in their operations, as do art and mechanics, but they do demand that there shall be a broad, strong and normal development of the visceral organs for their support, and for the exhibition of their highest excellence. This fact is undeniable; not only must there be strength, breadth, and normal action of these organs, but we must believe that a high quality of organization is also one of the essentials of such as are naturally endowed with large reasoning

powers.

In many gifted reasoners-notably in the case of Herbert Spencer, who possesses all the attributes of reason-quality of a very high order seems to take the place of very great size or width of body. Indeed, we may say there are two diverse formations in which are exhibited great reasoning powers, equally talented and equally admirable. These two classes of reasoners may be recognized at sight by the mention of the names of two typical philosophers,-David Hume and Herbert Spencer, for example.

FACULTY DERIVED FROM THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Intuition.-Very great differences in the capacity for discerning differences of states, conditions, character, and qualities are

observed in the human family. Some possess the ability to comprehend at a glance the physical as well as moral and mental states of the individual under observation. Not only can they recognize these conditions instantaneously, but they detect with unerring accuracy changes which have taken place since last seen. In the matter of foods, fabrics, qualities of material objects and of natural growth, they seem to be able instantaneously or spontaneously to arrive at just conclusions in regard to their qualities, and their relations to their environment. In fact, they possess a faculty for "divining," as it were, conditions of all sorts which they observe. This is the faculty denominated Intuition, and is shown in that development of the body, as well as brain, of those who have inherited an intensified or highly-wrought quality of the mental and emotional nature. When we reflect upon the electric flashes of the mind under stimulus of great excitement, it will not seem at all mysterious if we find in certain individuals this same electric quality to be a constant and unchanging condition, an habitual and natural state of existence. This peculiar development is brought about in many ways. The history of genius and talent would, if sought for physiologically, unfold many laws pertaining to this little-understood faculty.

Intuition is the "seventh" sense, and should be ranked among the senses as a true and distinct one; not local, but diffused like the nervous system, which is its source and seat. This faculty derives its power either from (a) a particular shape and quality of the brain, (b) or from a peculiar quality of the nervous system, (c) or from an inherited high organic quality of the visceral organs and muscles. Where this faculty is exhibited in the brain forma tion, it will be indicated by a high and broad forehead, together with bright and large eyes, either large, round and convex, or large, bright and flat. The larger the eye, the greater is the expansion of the optic nerve, and where this nerve is greatly expanded and sensitive (as is shown by its brilliancy), Intuition-or, in other words, sensitiveness to external impressions-is the result. Very fine and clear skin and fine hair are corroborative signs.

The nervous system is divided into two parts: 1, the encephalon and the cerebro-spinal system, and, 2, the ganglionic or sympathetic system. The following description of the powers and action of these two departments of the brain system, by Dr. Dalton, will elucidate the subject. He remarks:

The cerebro-spinal system consists of an apparatus of nerves and ganglia destined to bring the individual into relation with the external world. By means of the special senses he is made cognizant of sights, sounds, tastes, and odors by which he is attracted or repelled, and which

guide him in the pursuit and choice of food. By the general sensations of touch and the voluntary movements, he is enabled to alter at will his position and location and to adapt them to the varying conditions under which he may be placed. The great passages of entrance into the body and of exit from it are guarded by the same portion of the nervous system. The introduction of food into the mouth and its passage through the oesophagus into the stomach are regulated by the same nervous apparatus; and even the passage of air through the larynx and its penetration into the lungs are equally under the guidance of sensitive and motor nerves belonging to the cerebro-spinal system. It will be observed that the above functions relate altogether to external phenomena, or to the interior of the frame. If we examine, however, the deeper regions of the body, we find located in them a series of internal phenomena relating only to the substances and materials which have already penetrated into the frame, and which form or are forming a part of its structure. These are the purely vegetative functions, as they are called, or those of growth, nutrition, secretion, excretion, and reproduction. These functions and the organs to which they belong are not under the direct influence of the cerebro-spinal nerves, but are regulated by another portion of the nervous system, viz., the ganglionic system, or, as it is more commonly called, the "system of the great sympathetic."*

It is observed that when the latter portion of the nervous apparatus is in an extremely sensitive condition it intensifies the power of all of the special senses, thus assisting very greatly the power for perception of all external objects. It is owing to this keen, vivid, and intense feeling that talented persons and geniuses are able to depict, portray, enact or create the great works of art and science which enrich the world. Intuition is one of the chief attributes of a highly organized mentality. The capacity for education which the special senses possess is shared alike by the Intuition. This faculty or sense can be equally developed until it sometimes assumes a degree of power which approaches the supernatural, and its effect is often in this condition mistaken for the manifestation of supernatural powers. Just to what extent this faculty may be developed it is impossible to say, but since in this age persons possessing singular powers are not persecuted and put to death for exhibiting them (as was formerly the custom) we shall probably be able to experiment and observe unhindered these peculiar and occult developments of intensified and rare organizations which are observed in all civilized communities. Sometimes this trait is exhibited in a musical genius; sometimes a great scientist startles the world by the discoveries which owe their origin to a large endowment of this sense. The world-renowned Pasteur, the discoverer of the "germ theory" of disease, is an excellent illustration of this faculty. The brain and nerve system is in him preeminent and of very high quality. Indeed, in all our investigations of superior persons, we shall find that an exalted quality of the

Dalton's treatise of Human Physiology, p. 513.

nerves of sensation, of the organs of emotion, or of the muscles, is present, and is in them the main factor which causes an uncommon and high degree of excellence.

I would here suggest to the anatomist who wishes to immortalize his name that he undertake to trace, if possible, the course of connection between the organs and functions of the viscera and senses and the cerebral structure, taking the evolution of the five organ systems for his basis of investigation. He would do what no one has as yet been able to demonstrate scientifically and beyond all doubt.

For many centuries the Aristotelian theory of the circle held possession of the mind of the scientific world. It was argued that as the circle was the most perfect of forms it must hence represent the orbit or path of the celestial bodies through space. Kepler proved this to be an error, and from that moment astronomy advanced with rapid strides. This idea held captive the minds of men, and impeded for ages the advance of truth. The theory that the brain is the sole and exclusive seat of mind, intelligence, and mental sensations has kept back for years the knowledge of the true nature of man, therefore of true religion. If we desire to progress in knowledge of the truth of God's laws, of scientific and exact law, we must utterly repudiate and cast out such monstrous error, and henceforth regard the entire organism of man as the seat of his mind.

I will close this chapter by stating my belief that no one will rise from the perusal of its pages without, in some degree, modifying preconceived ideas as to the rationale of mental operations and the origin and locality of the mind.

The following exhibit shows the various organs and functions from which the several mental faculties derive their powers: