As we proceed in the study of physiognomy the reader will find that the highest expression of divine architecture-the human face-combines and illustrates all of the primary elements of Form which are exhibited in the structure and form of all minerals. These elements are the point (or central axis), the sphere, the line, the angle, the square, and cube. The sphere is represented by the spherical molecule, which it is now known that the mineral assumes while in a state of fusion or incandescence, as I have shown in the chapter entitled "The Basic Principles of Form." From these few primary elements of Form all other forms are derived by multiplication or combination. Of the constancy of crystalline forms in the mineral kingdom Professor Dana observes:

Each mineral may be properly said to have as much a distinct shape of its own as each plant or each animal, and may be as readily distinguished by the characters presented to the eye. Crystals are therefore the perfect individuals of the mineral kingdom. The mineral quartz has a specific form and structure as much as a dog or an elm, and is as distinct and unvarying as regards essential characters, although, owing to counteracting causes during formation, these forms are not always assumed. In whatever part of the world crystals of quartz may be collected they are fundamentally identical. Not an angle will be found to differ from those of crystals obtained in any part of this country. The sides of the faces vary and also the number of the faces, according to certain simple laws hereafter to be explained, but the corresponding angles of inclination are essentially the same, whatever the variations or distortions.

Other minerals have a like constancy in their crystals, and each has some peculiarity, some difference of angle, or some difference of cleavage— structure which distinguishes it from every other mineral. In many cases, therefore, we have only to measure an angle to determine a species. Both quartz and carbonate of lime crystallize at times in similar six-sided prisms, with terminal pyramids, but the likeness here ceases, for the angles of the pyramids are quite different and also the internal structure.*

Minerals, like plants, animals, and human beings, possess many other properties besides form, number, and chemical constituents. These are primitive, or fundamental, common to each kingdom of Nature. The mineral possesses other properties, among which are lustre, color, diaphaneity, refraction, taste, odor, magnetism, electricity, specific gravity, density, luminosity, and phosphorescence. It is thus shown that although minerals are not vital, animate objects, they yet possess many characteristics which are observed in plant and animal life; it is from these fundamental sources that these very qualities are obtained, for the higher manifestations of life derive these qualities from the foods grown upon the mineral soil, and bring up into the plant, animal, and human being the same elements of form and color, and other properties with which the mineral abounds. All the primitive mineral ele

* Manual of Mineralogy, J. B. Dana, p. 22.

ments and primary forms of the mineral are found in the human body and are illustrated and revealed in his face,-the most wonderful evidence of the harmony of Nature's laws in the universe.

Fig. 2, shown below, discloses the supremacy of the law of form in several of the best-known minerals.

In the shells of the ocean we observe that the same laws govern their formation, and that the "mollusk forms a perfect geometrical curve, and proportions the size of its valves to the distance between them."

A, B, C, common salt: D. quartz; E, F, G, snow; H, sulphur; I, J, gold; K, L, diamond. Common salt crystallizes in cubical forms, as shown in A, B, C. Quartz, D, always crystallizes in six-sided pyramids. Snow assumes many forms, yet they all express the dominance of the number six, as exhibited by the diagrams E, F, G. Sulphur appears in octahedral forms, and is yellow in color, as in H. Gold, I, J, has several forms and is of a yellowish color; its crystals are cubical. The diamond, K, L, is a crystallized carbon, and is found in octahedrons, dodecahedrons, and other complex forms. After cutting it appears in various forms, as seen in the above figure. [NOTE.-These illustrations are from works on mineralogy by Prof. J. B. Dana.]

Mathematical law governs in the vegetable kingdom, and regulates by number the petals, sepals, stamens, pistils, and leaves upon every blossom and branch. In the human family the number of bones, muscles, joints, etc., proves its dominance, and wherever we look we must admit that these three great laws are universal and general. It is thus shown that man, in himself, in his own person, typifies all creation, proving that he is the very essence, the subtle, refined organization or force evolved from all forces, powers, causes, and chemical activities in the universe, and that the face of man reveals the action of all these laws.

A correct understanding of this grand organization is the first science in the world, the first in importance to each one of us. It has its laws, which are exact and yet complex; but where is the reader skillful enough to understand them? As Nature is perfect in her works, and has made few laws so mysterious as not to be comprehended, is it not natural, then, to infer that man is capable of understanding his own organization and the laws which govern it? He may, if he will but seek the truth and fear not.

As the dial is to the clock, so is the face to man; it is his exponent, morally, mentally, and physically; on it are written not only his mental powers, his moral strength or weakness, but also his physical capacities, powers, weaknesses, predispositions to health and disease, and there is no one of ordinary capacity who cannot perceive these signs almost at a glance. The importance of this knowledge is incalculable. Inasmuch as we all have to pass our days in intercourse with our fellows, it is of the greatest importance not only that we should understand ourselves, but also that we should be able to comprehend to a nicety all with whom we associate, not merely for our protection and the pleasure we may derive from it, but also for the good we may do. Again, this knowledge will teach us that what we now call "charity" in overlooking the faults and weaknesses of others is but simple justice, for it is not just to expect something different of an organization than Nature has given it power to accomplish. Therefore, we may spare our charity and, through knowledge, give justice.

The three grand divisions of the face-namely, the Chemical, the Architectural, and the Mathematical-have also their subdivisions. The Chemical includes and reveals the signs for the moral, the domestic, and the supplyant powers; the Architectural, the faculties which indicate the building, artistic, religious, and literary traits; and the Mathematical includes the reasoning powers, which are the chief faculties in numerical demonstration.

Within the three grand divisions of the face we find the facial indications of five different systems of functions which create the different forms of man, and which are always found in combination, but in different degrees of development in different persons. These are named the Vegetative, the Thoracic, the Muscular, the Osseous, and the Brain and Nerve systems, Upon the different degrees of development of these several conformations depends man's power for being mainly either chemical, architectural, or mathematical

The organization, which is mainly chemical in its operation and effects, is known by a predominance of the vegetative system, and is accompanied most largely by all those functions which serve to supply the body with material, and for the protection and pro

creation of the race. The functions included in this division of the organism are those of digestion, reproduction, respiration (through the mouth), secretion, excretion, and growth. These functions are productive of the following faculties: Conscientiousness, Firmness, Benevolence, Amativeness, Love of Children, Mirthfulness, Approbativeness, Modesty, Self-esteem, Friendship, Digestion, Bibativeness, Sanativeness, Hospitality, Pneumativeness, Color, Economy, Love of Home, and Patriotism. These include in their action all the laws common to vegetable life, and the development of all these traits proceeds mainly from chemical action, as, for instance, the sustentation of the body and the procreation of the race. These operations are almost entirely chemical.

The architectural division is shown by a predominance of the muscular, thoracic, and osseous systems, which embrace within their own action almost all of the principles of mechanical forces, such as the different lever powers, different principles of valves, and the representation of a pulley (in the action of the superior oblique muscle in rotating the eye); also other mechanical powers which will be mentioned hereafter. The traits indicated in this division are: Force, Resistance, Secretiveness, Hope, Cautiousness, Analysis, Imitation, Ideality, Sublimity, Human Nature, Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Veneration, Executiveness, Self-will, Credenciveness, Prescience, Observation, Memory of Events, Form, Size, Weight, Order, Calculation, Locality, Music, Time, Language. You will observe by these names that the artistic and religious faculties are included in this as subdivisions.

The mathematical division of the face has its work performed mainly by the brain and nerve system. The faculties shown in this division are named Time, Order, Causality, Comparison, Intuition. The several systems of the body and faculties of the mind act and react upon each other and sustain inter-relations to each other, but each division is mainly sustained by the action of the system to which the several different parts of the face indicate it as belonging.

As I have before stated, the principles of physiognomy are founded on the same general laws which underlie all matter, but they have for their demonstration special laws. When we reflect that brain-matter in the form of nerves and nervous ganglia, as well as the muscles, are instrumental in producing mental manifestations, we must at once conclude that the rather contracted views and theories of the ancient metaphysicians and modern phrenologists must give way to more extended and well-demonstrated facts. The entire surface of the body, being covered with a cuticle upon which a fine net-work of nerves ramifies, gives us a very extensive sense-organ, and makes us cognizant of temperature,

tactile sensations, and pressure, and by the aid of these several sensations very many mental impressions are conveyed.

The theory of mind which is set forth in this system of physiognomy is more comprehensive than any which has been given hitherto. Many advanced and eminent scientists and physicians to the insane have recently become imbued with the idea that the brain is not the sole and exclusive mental organ, but that the muscles and the nervous ganglia and plexuses of human and animal organisms may be of a mental character and exhibit or assist in illustrating mental manifestations. Not only is the idea held that the nerves and muscles are contributive to mental power and expression, but it is found that the several organ-systems within the body, as, for example, the heart, the liver, the lungs, the glands, and kidneys, also promote and are the direct cause of what has hitherto been held to be produced by brain-power exclusively. This supposition arises probably from the fact that all of these organs have representation in the brain through their connection with the great sympathetic chain of nerves and ganglia, entitled the nervus vagus. Among those who advocate this theory as probable I may mention George Henry Lewes, Dr. Henry Maudsley, Dr. Alexander Bain, and Dr. J. Lauder Lindsay,-men whose opinions are received with credence and respect.

Those who have passed years in the study and investigation of any branch of science are presumed to be more learned on the subject of their pursuit than those who have given it little attention, and I hold that the opinions of the former are entitled to the credence and respect of the latter. Believing this most fully, I append the following extract from the work of Dr. Alexander Bain, who, in his celebrated volume entitled "Mind and Body," remarks as follows:

Yet although the brain is by pre-eminence the mental organ, other organs co-operate; more especially the senses, the muscles, and the great viscera. So far as concerns the entire compass of our feelings or emotions it is the universal testimony of mankind that these have no independent spiritual subsistence, but are in every case embodied in our fleshly form. This very strong and patent fact has been kept out of view in the multifarious discussions respecting the immaterial soul. Apparent as it is to the vulgar, and intently studied as it has been by the sculptor, the painter, and the poet, it has been disregarded both by metaphysicians and by theologians when engaged in settling the boundaries of mind and body.*

On this same point Dr. Henry Maudsley observes:—

We cannot limit a study of mind even by a full knowledge of the functions of the nervous and muscular systems; the organic system has most certainly an essential part in the constitution and functions of mind.†

Mind and Body, Alexander Bain, LL.D. (Humboldt Library), pp. 2 and 3. † Body and Mind, Henry Maudsley, M.D., p. 34.