to this ignorant method of procedure. Metaphysics taught that memory was a unit and the direct effect of the action of the brain alone. It admitted not the degraded body into the companionship of Memory. The ideas entertained in regard to it were very restricted. On this point the following expression from Dr. Maudsley is pertinent. He observes:

Take, for example, the so-called faculty of memory, of which metaphysicians have made so much, as affording us the knowledge of personal identity. From the way in which they usually treat of it one would suppose that Memory was peculiar to Mind, and far beyond the reach of phys ical explanation. But a little reflection will prove that it is nothing of the kind. The acquired functions of the spinal cord and of the sensory ganglia obviously imply the existence of Memory, which is indispensable to their formation and exercise. How else could these centres be educated? The impressions made upon them and the answering movements both leave their traces behind them, which are capable of being revived on the occasions of similar impressions. A ganglionic centre, whether of mind, sensation, or movement, which was without memory, would be an idiotic centre incapable of being taught its functions. In every nerve-cell there is Memory, and not only so, but there is memory in every organic element of the body. The virus of small pox or of syphilis makes its mark on the constitution for the rest of life. The Memory in which the scar of a cut on a child's finger is perpetuated and grows as the body grows evinces, as Mr. Paget has pointed out, that the organic element of the past remembers the change which it has suffered.*

Memory of all sorts depends upon a healthy condition of the body for the exercise of its greatest degree of power. Slight illness will sometimes weaken the memory of persons, places, duties, words, and facts to an astonishing degree, and not until the bodily health resumes its normal condition will the memory resume its power.

There are cases on record where the memory has been almost entirely obliterated by long-continued illness, by debauchery, and also by sudden fright and terror, by suspense long-continued, and by sexual excesses, self-abuse, and other causes. Memory is subject to many diseases, and investigators who have adopted the physiological method of research are accumulating a vast amount of useful knowledge as to the origin or cause of these diseases, together with the means for their remedy. Mons. T. H. Ribot has written a very common-sense and useful work on "Diseases of the Memory," and as he has adopted the new method of analyzing Memory he has advanced our knowledge in this direction immeasurably. Of the various inequalities of Memory he has the most just ideas. The fact that some persons possess memory of words and not of colors, memory of forms and not of sounds, etc.,

*Body and Mind, H. Maudsley, M.D., p. 24.

and that the base of some departments of Memory is to be found in the organic functions is recognized by him, as the following extract will prove. He observes:

Through differences of constitution the impression transmitted may be faint or strong, stable or transient. The preponderance of any system of organs those of generation, for example-gives the superiority to one group of recollections. There remain the higher psychic states, abstract ideas, and complex sentiments. These cannot be referred directly to any organ. The seat of their production and reproduction has never been located with precision, but as they no doubt result from an association or disassociation of primary states, there is no ground for supposing that they are exceptional.*

Of the possessions of partial memories he observes:

What is implied by these partial memories? Special development of a special sense with the anatomical structures dependent on it. To make this clearer take a particular case-for instance, a good visual memory. This has for its condition a good structure of the eye, of the optic nerve, and of the portions of the brain which concur in the act of vision,-that is to say (according to the received notions of anatomists), certain portions of the pons, the crura, the optic tract, and the hemispheres.†

M. Ribot gives as among the causes of loss of memory the following: "Weakened circulation of the blood, deficient action of the heart, excessive fatigue, and lack of nutrition, together with the immoderate use of stimulants, narcotics, and sedatives, such as hasheesh and bromide of potassium," which last very greatly im pairs the general memory. Besides the work by M. Ribot, above mentioned, the reader can consult with profit "Principles of Mental Physiology," by Wm. W. Carpenter, M.D.

Weight. The sense of weight or balance is inherent in the muscular system, and its effects are wrought almost entirely by the movements and adjustments of the muscles, as in walking, danc ing, skating, and balancing. It is the peculiar inherited quality of the muscles which gives ability for marksmanship, aim an direction,—as in shooting, handling tools, such as the graver, the chisel, the use of levers, and dentists' instruments, etc.; it gives the intuitive perception of the laws of equilibrium, or gravity, motion, and resistance; it is one of the essentials in engineering, setting up and running machinery, and in the mechanical part of music. Children possessed of a good degree of this sense walk earlier than others and love to be in constant motion. The effects produced by its development point to its origin. It has several facial signs. As muscle produces curves, and bones cause angles, we shall expect to find in the rounded individual many evidences of this sense. The rounding head, the rounding out of the sides

* The Diseases of Memory, T. H. Ribot (Humboldt Library), p. 33.

† Ibid., p. 32.

of the upper part of the forehead, and the filling out of the supercilii muscle at its intersection with the pyramidalis nasi muscle are some of its facial and local signs.

The muscular sense, or faculty of weight, is large in singers, musical instrumentalists, acrobats, sailors, athletes, rowers, swimmers, and equestrians, as well as in astronomers, engravers, sculptors, jewellers, glass-blowers, weavers, plumbers, and mechanics generally.

Those who possess a large share of this sense are not liable to seasickness, for the reason that the adjustments necessary for walking, balancing, etc., are easily made, and the individual shifts his position and maintains his equilibrium most readily.

The united action of the bones and muscles form a system of lever-powers, and hence it is that the joints of those who have sensitive and highly organized muscles can change and adapt their positions more readily than where this system is deficient in size and quality. "Physical Imitation" is a muscular faculty, as well as Constructiveness, Language, and Self-will; hence, it must be apparent to the reader how important is the development and exercise of the muscular system to the growing child, and when he reflects that those faculties which are put in constant use are transmitted in an intensified and augmented degree he will realize the vastness of results which flow from a highly developed muscular sense. The Greeks comprehended the influence which the development of the muscles had upon the character, and accordingly we find that their government sustained at a great expense elaborate gymnasia, where athletic games were taught to men, women, and children. These games were accounted sacred, and great prizes and honors awarded to the successful competitors. How vast the influence which this muscular development of the Greeks has exercised upon ancient as well as modern art, science, and intellect, it would be hard to say, but looking backward to the days of their great sculptors, orators, actors, poets, and crowned athletes we are forced to recognize that the high development of the muscular sense is one of the most important factors in character-building, both mentally, morally, and physically.

Not only is the high development of the muscular system a powerful ally to art, but it also contributes to assist poor, ailing humanity by its magnetic qualities; for we find in this system the capacity for imparting vital powers to those who have lost strength and who are suffering under diseased conditions. The capacity for healing by magnetic powers or manipulation is most strongly indicated where the muscular system is dominant, and is least exhibited where the vegetative system is in the ascendancy.

Locality. Locality is a faculty from which is derived the sense of locating and placing all things which one observes, and of being able to re-locate them by recalling to mind their places and positions.

It is always found large in those who love motion, and accordingly we observe in the faces of travellers the local sign for locality well defined. Naturalists, navigators, scientists, and mechanics find this a most useful faculty, and, as they are obliged to exercise this trait constantly, it soon makes a most decided impress upon the countenance. By constant practice the muscle at the local sign for weight assumes a size most noticeable, and is often mistaken for a false growth or wen by those who are ignorant of how large a facial muscle may become by constant use. Where the brain system is regnant this faculty and sign are relatively small; so, also, where the vegetative system dominates, but with the muscular system slightly in the ascendant, there we find it the best defined; hence, we know that it originates in that system. Another proof is, that the sign itself is shown by the fullness of a particular muscle. One peculiarity in regard to the signs in the face is that each so-called "mental faculty" exhibits its facial sign by the development in the face of the system or systems from which its power is derived, and which is its physical base; thus, to illustrate, the sign for Benevolence is found in the development of the under lip, and, as the size of the under lip is caused by the development of the glands therein, so we know that Benevolence is created and sustained by the power and action of the glandular system. The only method to observe in tracing the origin of facial signs is to analyze their purpose as well as the system or tissue which promotes their action, observe its laws and methods, and study its immediate surroundings.

FACULTIES DERIVED FROM THE GLANDULAR AND ARTERIAL SYSTEMS.

Analysis of Color.-The ancient writers classified the several races of men by the colors exhibited in their skin, hair, and eyes, and the combinations of colors observed by them were denominated "temperaments." Hippocrates, the most noted physician of ancient times, described four primary constituents of the blood, or what he assumed to be its constituents, as the basis of human character. These he named the "blood," the "phlegm," the "yellow bile." and the "black bile." According to the predominance of one or the other of these components in the individual, he was considered to be either of the "sanguine," "phlegmatic," "the choleric." or “melancholic" temperament. This classification of the structure and character of mankind was the standard authority for ages, and

existed as such with slight modifications by later observers, until modern phrenology was announced as a science, when its promulgators modified these four primary temperaments into the lymphatic, the sanguine, the bilious and nervous, or mental; the latter addition being the radical idea introduced into the ancient system. Now, the ancient writers, both in their scientific writings as well as in their poems and statuary, show that they laid little stress upon the formation of the brain as illustrative of character. It was, in fact, an unknown region to them. They knew nothing of its importance to the human body, and did not realize its relations at all. Lavater first, and after him Gall and Spurzheim, the promulgators of phrenology, made the first departure from the ancient method of classification based on color, and classified by the form of the brain, as well as the colors of the organism. The phrenologists went almost as far in one direction as the ancients had in the other: while the latter laid all the stress upon color, so the former laid the most stress upon the shape of the brain, and, going farther, at last located the entire mind therein.

Scientific physiognomy extends somewhat the science of mind, and shows that mind is inherent in every atom of the body; that form, not only of the brain, but of the face, the limbs, the trunk, the viscera, the hands, the feet, the fingers and toes, together with color, quality, size, proportion, and compensation, must all be regarded in order to secure a just comprehension of any individual character of mind. Still, color plays a most important part in revealing character. In order to understand its importance as a revelator of mental and physical characteristics, we must analyze its purpose and trace it to its origin. The color which emanates from the sun is undoubtedly the source from which we obtain the greater amount of coloring matter. Light is composed of all colors, and it is from sunlight that we, as well as all vegetation, derive the larger amount of color. The lesser quantity is brought into the human system through the medium of nutriment received through animal and vegetable foods. These articles of food take up from the mineral constituents of the earth, air, and water portions of coloring matter which, by the fine and subtle chemistries of Nature, are carried through these channels until they reach the complex human system, and are there organized into several colors, which we observe in the white, red, black, and yellow races, as well as in the diverse shades which we find in the Caucasian, or white race. Experiments with the spectroscope have demonstrated that each mineral possesses a color peculiar to itself, and chemical analysis has taught us that a bright-yellow color is a product of sodium or salt; strontium and lithium give forth