a small financial consideration. But, with the advance of general knowledge, their field of operation is steadily narrowing in all directions. The works and face of Mahomet, too, are in perfect accord in this direction; and in private life, wherever we find a very superstitious person, one who revels in marvels, miracles, and wonderful statements, we shall find the wide-open eye and high-arched brow of the "believer" of anything and everything which is impossible, improbable, astounding, and marvelous. The less truth there is in anything, the more attraction is there for this class of beings. Europeans as a class are more credulous than Americans. They are yet under the influence of mediaval superstitions and the authority of the ecclesiastical powers, while Americans have had one hundred years of enlightenment and freedom of thought and conscience, and these influences tell upon the character, for Americans have less veneration and less credulity than any other civilized nation; yet even they have enough and to spare. The Chinese, as a race, are very credulous, and certainly we can scarcely find a more slavishly-superstitious race. Just the opposite of theirs is the physiognomy of a scientist-one who seeks the absolute truth. The eyebrows of such are most espe cially significant of Observation, the faculty which is just the opposite of Credenciveness. In these the inner corner of the eyebrow is brought close down to the eye, and the eye itself, no matter how large it may be, is set back under projecting eye-bones, and this is the appearance that the faces of the most practical classes present-such as mechanics, most physicians, naturalists, scientists, and practical persons generally.

Now, it will be observed that all of these indications of Credenciveness are found situated in the muscular system, and are most developed among the muscular races; hence, we are warranted in ascribing to this faculty a muscular origin. The very construction of the portion of the face about the eyes and eyebrows renders this class of persons incapable of the closest observation. Capacity for accurate observation alone can give this power, aided by Con scientiousness, and these two faculties arise from the bony system. Those in whom the muscular system is dominant have not evolved to that plane which enables them to comprehend the laws and principles of Nature so well and so readily as those in whom the bony system is dominant. It would appear that religion is a result of evolutionary progression, and that the capacity to understand absolute truth is most pronounced where reason and conscience are the most developed, and these faculties are strongest in the osseous people and races; while superstitious religions, and beliefs in charms, incantations, omens, and supernatural beings are observed

most prevalent among the muscular people and races-for example, the Turks, Arabs, Hindoos, Chinese, and the barbarous races generally. Their religious beliefs are characterized by the most childish, mystic, and incomprehensible ideas and ceremonies; or in other classes, by barbarous, cruel, and degrading rites. The religion of a race will settle its grade in development most conclusively, for "religion without reason is superstition."

FACULTIES DERIVED FROM THE OSSEOUS AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS.

Observation. The origin of this faculty is without doubt in the osseous system, assisted by the muscles and certain nerves, inasmuch as it is the most general and the best developed among bony people and animals. Its principal facial sign is a lowering down of the eyebrows at their inner terminus and a projection forward of the frontal bone at this point. Phrenologists tell us that this appearance is caused by "brain development" at this locality, but I think we can readily prove it to have its origin in the osseous system primarily, assisted by the eye and the muscles of the surrounding parts, particularly by the orbicularis palpebrarum and the corrugator supercilii muscles, which, by reason of their constant use (by those who are naturally observant), become much enlarged as age advances, until they sometimes present the appearance of a small wen. Again, the superior size of these muscles at this point is due to the increased size of the bones beneath them.

The phrenological theory that brain-matter causes the bulging out of the eyes by an "organ" under them, or back of them, indicating Language, is as erroneous as the theory that brain "organs" back of the bones of the superciliary arch cause the prominence which they name "Observation," a name which I also use as descriptive of the same faculty and locality, but claim for it an entirely different origin. I believe I have stated elsewhere in this work the origin of the signs adjacent to the eyes. The development of this locality takes place under the laws of progressive evolution, and when organisms have reached that point in which the bones have supremacy over the muscles, the bones adjacent to the eyes, the superciliary ridges are, as a matter of course, correspondingly developed. Hence it is that we find the faculty of Observation not the strongest where the brain is the largest, but where the bony system is best exhibited.

Bone development in the face advances pari passu with bone development in the rest of the body. In order to clear away the doubt and mystery which has so long attended the analysis and origin of mental power, we must lift the load from the poor overloaded brain and relegate to their own sources the several powers

concerned in the so-called "Mental operations." Again, we may find corroborative evidence of the osseous origin of the several signs and faculties by reference to the most observing animals,— the horse, the elephant, and the dog. The bony system of these animals is in excess of the muscular, and their uncommon degree of the faculty of Observation is well known.

The aggregation of bone and muscle about the eyes, as exhibited in the countenance of the most observing and practical races and persons, is caused in the first instance by continued use of the visual organs. Now, it is a well-settled principle of physiology that "use increases capacity," and when the eyes are greatly exercised an unusual flow of blood to those parts takes place, and a corresponding increase of size of all of the several tissues involved in the act of seeing occurs, and this being transmitted to offspring (who by virtue of another principle equally potent, viz., "that those faculties which are the strongest demand the most activity"), exercise in a greater degree the same faculties as did their progenitors, and, thus intensified by inheritance and use, the great observers of the world are created, not by their own efforts entirely, but by the efforts of their ancestors as well. If we take the trouble to trace the lineage of any of our eminent scientists, mechanics, or inventors, we shall undoubtedly find that they have inherited from some practical and observing ancestor the capacity for increased observation. Erricsson is a most illustrious example of inherited mechanical powers.

Bone development is a later and higher evolution than muscle growth, and accordingly we find that those races and persons whose bony systems exceed the muscular are higher and more perfected generally and most unquestionably more moral and practical. The reader is referred to the general description of the osseous system for a full account of its powers. I believe that all faculties, as well as functions, are represented in the brain, but doubt the ability of any one to describe the character of others by feeling or looking at the brain, without reference to the face and the form of the body generally.

FACULTIES DERIVED FROM THE MUSCULAR AND BRAIN SYSTEMS.

Memory of Events.-The memory of events, as its name indicates, gives the power to retain and recall events of all kinds,— history, scientific facts, anecdotes, experiments, public measures, news, and neighborhood gossip. Its facial sign is situated above Observation and between the two local signs of Locality.

Those with this faculty large learn readily new ideas, principles, and doctrines; can become good teachers, and, with Language

large, editors and writers. It endows the character with a common-sense view of affairs, and assists progressive tendencies. It is large in children, as their faces indicate. It is possessed by historians, descriptive writers, orators, and statesmen.

Memory of Events is indebted mainly to the brain system for its power, aided by the muscular system. Its complex derivation gives it ability to remember events which the visual organs take cognizance of, as well as what is heard,-as events transpire in history, or in affairs of the city, town, or neighborhood. Where the region about the eyes is well developed the character will possess great practical inclinations, and as the eyes and ears are largely concerned in the reception of news, both by seeing and hearing, this department of the mind is indebted to the auditory and optic nerves, as well as to the muscles of those parts.

Memory pertains to every individual thing and fact in exist ence. There is memory of form, of words, of tunes, of time, of voice, of taste, of color, of locality, of numbers, and of all separate parts, particles, and motions in the universe. Indeed, Memory is a universal faculty, and adapted to the recognition and retention of all matter and matters whatsoever; it is as illimitable as the scope of creation.

Memory is a faculty of the five systems of functions; each has its own sort of memory. The muscular system, in a most especial manner, is endowed with Memory. The automatic movements which are made by the musician, the dancer, the athlete, the mechanician, etc., become to them "second nature," as we term it. So, also, the olfactory, auditory, and gustatory nerves store up sensations once impressed upon them, and the odor of a flower or the taste of food instantly brings to the recollection scenes, places, and persons long since (apparently) forgotten. Memory connected with the taste and smell must be the strongest, inasmuch as they are the parts of the sense-memory that is first exercised in infancy. After these, the visual, auditory, and tactile sensations are earliest used and the easiest recalled; but the memory of thought, of abstract ideas, comes into play later in the life of the individual after the knowledge of things has ripened into thoughts.

A great memory in any department of mentality is a grand gift, and where great memory is co-existent with other equally large powers of mind we have individuals of the first class; such were Julius and Joseph Scaliger, Humboldt, Lord Macaulay, Hugh Miller, Guizot, Richard Porson, Baron Cuvier, Goethe, Madame de Stael, and Edmund Burke, of whom Dr. Johnson remarked

that "his mind was a perennial stream." Most of these persons were endowed by Nature with exceptional powers of Memory, but

developed, increased, and strengthened by wise care and judicious practice. There are some persons who possess most uncommon powers of Memory, but have no originality. Unlike the abovementioned persons, they contribute nothing to the general store of knowledge or thought, but are mere storehouses of the thoughts of others, and can quote by the hour what different authors have said, yet never venture upon an original observation. These last may be likened to a storehouse, while the former are great manufactories wherein thought is created for the benefit of generations to come. Apropos to this, the poet, Tupper, observes, "Memory is not wisdom; a fool can rote volumes." Yet this faculty is often taken by the thoughtless as an indication of wisdom.

The possession of a great memory merely is no indication of intellect or wisdom. Many persons noted for memory of various kinds have also been noted for absence of intelligence of most other things. Young Bidder, the arithmetician, possessed a most extraordinary gift of calculation, yet was incapable of being educated for the higher departments of mathematics for lack of sufficient intellect to supplement his arithmetical powers. Indeed, there is no doubt that extended memorizing often injures and impairs the reasoning faculties. Many gifted creative minds are very deficient in certain departments of Memory. The agitation and rapidity of thought, and the manifold combinations of ideas, of construction and reconstruction essential to original creations, whether of music, science, or literature, must naturally militate against that calm and quiet condition of the brain which is essential to extended memorizing. This is, no doubt, the experience of all creative minds, unless an unusually great memory has been inherited along with the other powers.

As Memory belongs to every part of the organism, so its cultivation can be proceeded with from the physical stand-point as well as from the mental, and, indeed, in children this part of the memory would be the only proper part to commence with. It is this department of mind that the kindergarten system of education seeks to develop when it educates the young child in size, form, color, touch, taste, and smell; for as physical sensations are the first which are experienced by the human being, this method of teaching is simply following the methods of Nature in this respect. The old-time method of education was to commence with the use of abstract memory,-the memorizing of ideas, words, and expres sions, and this involved the forcing into action that part of the memory which develops latest in life. This is manifestly improper and injurious. Nature's teaching and Nature's leading can never take us wrong. The old-time ideas of Memory contributed