the body, and which send their contributions to the brain through the blood, nerves, and muscles. The body is the manufactory, the brain the registering and photographiny apparatus; the face is the index or dial of all existing states and conditions; and not only is the face the register of all moral, mental, and physical conditions, but it is also the indicator of the grade of development of our ancestors, and one skilled in physiognomy is often able to tell the habits, customs, professions, and physical powers and weaknesses of one's ancestors by means of the facial signs observed. A developed friendship is not created in one generation, but must be the product of the habits of many ancestors; hence, when we observe the sign for Friendship, Sociality, or Alimentiveness large in the countenance of an individual, we are safe in saying that the ancestors of that person were friendly, hospitable people. In this way, as in all ways, "our deeds do follow and live after us." We are not living for ourselves alone, neither can we, if we desire it. Our faces write in living letters not only our characters, but those of our progenitors also, and if we are descended from th "nobility" we need no "Herald's College" to proclaim it. Our faces settle the question. Said Voltaire :

If as much care were taken to perpetuate a race of fine men as is done to prevent the mixture of ignoble blood in horses and dogs, the genealogy of every one would be written on his face and displayed in his manners.

There have been master minds in all ages of the world who have comprehended that the face was intended to disclose the character; but as a practical system has been lacking by which to locate and verify the signs of character, intuition has been the main dependence of all observers.

The physiognomy of Shakespeare reveals a character possessed of a large degree of this faculty. He was by this power enabled to divine, as it were, friendly or unfriendly, honest or dishonest persons by simply coming within their personal atmosphere. It was thus he comprehended character instantaneously. His writings, as well as his physiognomy, prove his possession of this power.

Analysis. As I have previously shown that Hope derives its power from a portion of the glandular system,-viz., from the liver.so also we shall find that the analytical power is in strong sympathy with the same organ. Its facial sign adjoins that of Hope, and is situated upon the septum of the nose directly under the cautionary action of the nostrils. These two faculties and functions (Hope and Analysis) occupy a position about midway between the Vege tative, or chemical, and the Muscular, or mechanical divisions of the

face and body, and are both assisted by the action of the liver. This organ has the power of excreting and secreting, and assists by its clearness of action the so-called mental operations so necessary in mechanical, artistic, and literary work.

The sign for the Liver and Hope in the face is situated just above the Vegetative Division of the physiognomy, yet it seems to assist the action of this department as well as the action of the other divisions above; particularly does it affect the lungs and heart. We know that this is the fact physiologically, and, if physiologically, the "mental" character is affected by such interaction. The kind of analytical power to which the action of the liver gives rise is better adapted to the analysis of art, literature, mechanism, and science, than the sort which is essential to abstract reasoning. Hence, we observe with inventive, fertile, imaginative, and artistic persons this sign is very pronounced. The septum of the nose of such subjects will be seen projecting downward, with an unusual clearness of the skin and brightness of the eye, thus evidencing that the biliary system is doing its perfect work. A large frontal brain, if of high quality, gives the power to reason abstractly, but for reflection resulting in action, as in executive administration, and in the several forms of art, as in painting, sculpture, acting, etc., an active liver is necessary, as this gives clearness and activity in carrying out the ideas which the mind has formed.

Physiology teaches that the liver acts as a sort of "clearing house" for the blood of the entire system, and that its office is to cleanse and purify the blood before it ascends to the brain. This being the case, we can readily understand how essential to the brain is the perfect action of this organ in all its operations. Hence it is that where we observe the facial sign for the liver we always find a good degree of analytical power accompanying it. This fact should teach us that if we wish to increase our mental powers we should pay attention to the condition of the liver, ast far more depends upon the condition of this organ than most people are aware of. The purity and vigor of the entire body depends upon the purity and quality of the blood, and thus it is that the interaction of the liver, blood, nerves, and brain are all concerned in intellectual manifestations and power. All organs of the viscera are directly related to mentality, and the mind is dependent upon their normal action for the ability to manifest Hope, Analysis, and other sentiments and powers. I feel justified in naming the liver as the basis of Analysis, for the reason that I have observed this faculty most active when the liver was most developed, and not so active in those in whom the sign for the liver was small, even when the fore-brain was well developed. Another

reason for considering these faculties as having a common basis is because their signs adjoin each other in the septum; and it is a law of physiognomy, as well as of physiology, that those faculties and functions which are grouped in close juxtaposition are mutually related to and assist each other.

FACULTIES DERIVED FROM THE NERVES OF THE SKIN.

Modesty. The most prominent sign of Modesty is shown by a vertical depression running down the centre of the upper lip. It is an unfailing sign of a love of purity, cleanliness, and gener ally of chastity; all of which are conducive to health and long life. Persons exhibiting this sign use refined language, dislike all coarse or smutty jokes or allusions; love neatness of attire, and desire to change their clothing often; dislike bad odors emanating from the breath or skin; bathe frequently; and in all ways testify to cleanly, chaste, and modest tastes. Its location near Amativeness

and Self-esteem suggests the beauty and utility of its placing.

Modesty is related to the brain and nerve system, and is sustained by the nerves of the skin-covering mainly. The sensitiveness of the skin demands that care shall be exercised in promoting the comfort of the body by cleanliness without and purity within. Individuals exhibiting the sign for Modesty take as much pains in the preparation of their food as they do in preserving the skin, for Modesty is more than "skin deep." It is concerned with the interior conditions as well as with the exterior; for it is only by having a state of soundness and purity of the digestive system that a fine, clear, healthy skin can be obtained; and although very cleanly, chaste, and modest persons may not know enough of the rationale of this faculty to reason upon it they will observe, if they attend to it, that they are inclined to be fastidious in regard to the quality of their food and drink. Care in this direction prevents the pimples and blotches which are often observed in the countenances and on the bodies of many persons.

Modesty is innate in those who exhibit it largely. It has many phases, and presents both physical and mental aspects. Some individuals exhibit only one phase, others possess several characteristics. Those persons whose skins are thick, greasy, and rough, and whose hair is very coarse and dull are never as modest and cleanly as those who are the reverse, and this is still another proof of its origin.

The situation of the local sign is most wisely placed, for on the one hand it tempers and modifies the effects of Amativeness, which would otherwise descend to coarse, low, and sensual behavior, and on the other hand it modifies Self-esteem, which unrestrained

would exhibit egotism of the most offensive and unbearable description. Scarcely any sign so exhibits the wisdom of its placing as the local sign for Modesty. This sign is general as well as local, and fine, clear skin, as well as bright, fine, glossy hair, attests to that love of cleanliness and neatness which is one of its most striking phases

ANALYSIS OF THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM AND OLFACTORY GANGLION.

Cautiousness. One of the principal facial signs of Caution is shown by extreme length of nose. Its principal use is to protect the body by the sense of scent, which prevents all hurtful and noxious materials from entering the stomach, and keeps poisonous gases and odors from the lungs. The sense of scent acts as a sentinel; hence its position, directly above the mouth. This sign is conceded by all physiognomists. In the animal world this faculty is more used than in the human race; for we depend more than they upon our eyes and acquired experience. The eyes and observation are not so well suited to this purpose in animals as they are in men, hence it is that all animals smell their food constantly during a meal. The herbivorous animals, while in a natural state, seldom touch any grass or herb which is poisonous or detrimental to them so unerring is their scent; yet, after becoming domesticated, they lose this faculty partially. This sense is perhaps as high as man's power for observation; yet people usually speak of it as "animal instinct," conveying the idea that this faculty is something inferior to human observation, while in reality it is far superior to it; for no human being can tell by scent alone, without experience, whether certain plants are hurtful or useful. In many directions animals possess superior powers. Had they a suitable physiological development which would enable them to speak, they would soon convict many of us of more cruelties, meannesses, and contemptible behavior than even wild beasts are guilty of.

An excess of Cautiousness is usually associated with a constricted state of the liver and prevents its healthy action. Where this is the case, Hope and artistic Analysis are never strongly developed in the individual. Intense Secretiveness tends also to an inactive liver.

All of those classes of animals that are excessively cautious. and secretive--as, for example, the tiger, the panther, the fox, the coon, the skunk, the opossum, and the cat-make great use of their flexor muscles, and this, added to the fact that their biliary system is not so powerful as their thoracic system, causes many disorders of the liver among them.

The correlation of function with faculty, and of form with

function, is a most interesting branch of our subject, and will be treated of later. The habits, traits, forms, and weaknesses produced by different degrees of development of the liver are most wonderful. The sense of scent is a powerful animal faculty, and in looking for its origin we find it best developed in the most cautious animals; hence, the length as well as width of the nasal organ stands in direct relation to the faculty of caution, and this reacts upon the muscles, particularly upon the flexors, as by the use of these the animal is enabled to sneak and hide. Secretiveness and Cautiousness both conspire to affect the action of the liver as well as of the muscles and the sphincters. Those in whom these traits are paramount are usually affected by constipation and all the sphincters of the body are very tensely constricted. So great is this contraction in some cautious and secretive persons that it induces permanent derangements of the intestinal system. Herein we have the most positive evidence of the interaction of the mental and physical states of function and faculty.

The Hebrew race is the most Cautious of all the civilized races; the facial sign of this trait in them is most remarkably developed; their noses are both very long and very broad, thus evidencing a talented degree of Caution.

The several faculties the signs of which cluster about the tip of the nose, viz., Mental Imitation, Sublimity, Ideality, and Human Nature, are based mainly upon a fine development of the brain and nervous system, assisted by the muscular system. Acquisitiveness is evolved from the muscular system and visceral organs, while Constructiveness derives its power from muscle.

FACULTIES DERIVED FROM THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM.

Veneration. This faculty is evolved primarily from a developed condition of the stomach. Height and width of the bridge of the nose is its principal local sign in the face. Unlike the intestinal system, the action of the stomach is mainly mechanical. We find its local sign, as well as the organ itself, situated in the mechanical or architectural division. The stomach is the receiving laboratory where the solid materials are first mixed by mechanical action mainly. This operation is named “peristaltic action," and is produced by the contractions of the muscles of the stomach and the expansion and contraction of the lungs and diaphragm. The saliva and gastric juice of the stomach perform only a small part of the chemistry of digestion. The materials that are taken into the stomach, after being thus acted upon, are distributed for further chemical action in the intestines, glands, etc., before the act of creating and replacing new tissues, bones, muscles, nerves,