day of need, but spend as they go, and usually for their own wants and appetites. Benjamin Franklin was noted equally for his generosity and for his economy. His face exhibits the local signs for several sorts of economy, for there are several phases, as before mentioned.

The grade of intellectual development possessed by an individual will denote the sort of economy which he is capable of practicing or of understanding. Some devote their powers to Political Economy, and put their ideas before the world for the better protection of the people, or for a more equitable division of the products of labor; while others are only able to deal with the small economies of a modest home. The conserving spirit will manifest itself in each individual differently, and where it is most decided will make its presence felt. A little of this trait in public affairs would result in a more just and equitable condition in the finances of our country, but as long as children are not trained to comprehend the value of property and to use it economically and with justice, just so long shall we have the loose and dishonest methods of financial management at present in vogue, both in municipal, State, and national governments. "A fountain cannot rise higher than its source." Men brought up without the principles of Economy well grounded in their youth cannot commence the practice in manhood with hope of succeeding.

66

The phrase " Economy of Nature" is often used, and we would think sometimes in looking over the vast stores of natural resources that Nature was so prolific that there was no need of economizing. Yet Nature is lavish by reason of her Economy. It is only the economical who have anything with which to be lavish. The economies and conservation practiced by Nature in every human organism in the world is a subject for deep thought and investigation; yet this economy is nowhere more apparent than in those who are the most richly endowed with physical and mental gifts.

Hospitality-Hospitality and Sociality are two phases of the same faculty, and both derive their support from the glandular system. The sign for this faculty adjoins the signs for Digestion and Friendship, and is in the immediate neighborhood of other glandular signs. Friendship and Hospitality are very nearly allied in character, for one phase of friendship exhibits hospitality and sociality, while other phases of friendship are manifested in other ways, depending on the faculties in combination.

Hospitality, like Friendship, presents two aspects, the selfish and the unselfish. As the action of the glands is dual, they being both secretory and excretory, it is natural that it should exhibit its accompanying faculty or sentiment in a dual manner. The glands

contribute juices that not only assist in building up a warm and strong circulation, which tends to personal health and enjoyment. Friendship enables us to warm toward others and gives the desire for association at table, and this in order to enhance our own enjoyment; not for charity, for the sake of giving a good meal to a hungry person, but for the selfish enjoyment which we derive from eating and talking with others. Fine and keen analysis is needed to discriminate the action of faculties which by Nature and location are closely allied; as, for example, Hospitality and Friendship, or Benevolence and Friendship. Their expression and action in many phases are quite similar. Yet analysis will prove their separate and distinct action. Hospitality in its primary aspect is related to Digestion, to eating and drinking; hence, the table is its field of action, and this is where it exhibits its highest expression and shows that it proceeds from that primary associative, gregarious instinct, which is observed in all gregarious animals who love to feed in company with each other.

In a more refined and cultivated sense, assisted by other faculties, it shows itself in other ways. In conjunction with Friendship it exhibits a range of activity quite different from the mere animal enjoyment of eating and drinking. It will be greatly influenced by other traits, which are stronger, and its action will be modified by them. The group of faculties in which its local sign is situated derives its support from similar organic sources. and this grouping of faculties and functions throughout the body and face is not the least remarkable circumstance in relation to it Mark the company in which it is found: Friendship adjoins it on its upper side, Digestion is near its lower side, while Approbativeness flatters and praises its efforts on another side, and Mirthfulness, Love of Home, Patriotism, Economy, and Love of Young are near neighbors. These are all derived from the action of the glands, and are located in the face, as are their organs in the body, in such close contiguity as to assist mutual action and reveal their near relationship. All evidence points to their glandular source. Nearly all faculties have a primitive derivation, and exhibit a primitive mode of expression; but cultivation by education and imitation gives variety and refinement to all faculties, until in many cases the primary meaning and expression of a function and faculty is lost sight of in the advanced refinement and æsthetic mode of its expression. I recall to mind the circumstance of a gentleman who was quite indignant at my statement that he derived his capacity for friendliness from his intestinal system; but after I showed him the face of a celebrated miser and explained the action of Friendship, he became quite reconciled to the idea that

friendly sentiment could be derived from a physical base, and was not altogether the product of the brain or mind, as he had been taught. Why the products of the brain should seem more honorable than the product of any other organ I am at a loss to understand, for the brain is as much an animal organ as is the heart or liver, and the mind is certainly an animal organism. What we should endeavor to do is to get at the fundamental principles of the body, and then adopt those methods of living that are in accord with Nature's laws. For in this way only can we make all functions and faculties seem alike honorable.

Love of Home.-The love of home, like all the primitive or cultivated traits, is exhibited in varying degrees of power and intensity in different persons and races. Some races, the Swiss mountaineers, for example, possess a most ardent love for their mountain heights, and when removed from them often suffer extremly with nostalgia, or home-sickness, and some have died in consequence of their protracted separation from home.

This faculty is a primitive animal faculty, and is quite developed in nest-building in birds, and such animals as the beaver, etc., who make permanent structures for habitation, and in such animals it is more strongly developed than in many wandering, savage, and barbarous tribes who have no permanent, settled abode. Among the civilized races are often found individuals who are natural wanderers, to whom a settled home is unendurable for any length of time. Such persons make good pioneers, hunters, trappers, navigators, founders of towns, and leaders of enterprises which involve travelling. The love of home is more prevalent and stronger in woman than in man, for the conservation of the race demands that the mother shall be a home-keeper, and thus the harmony of Nature is exhibited by creating in the female a more stable attachment to the home. Yet some men are as ardently attached to home as any woman can be. I have met a lady who changes her abode, on an average, six times a year, and shifts the position of her furniture every week. But this is a most uncommon manifestation of absence of this trait.

The local sign for Love of Home is known by fullness of the soft part of the chin just below the sign for Benevolence and adjoining Love of Country. It is derived from the glandular system, as are most of the faculties whose local signs are in this vicinity, for nearly all the signs here represent primitive faculties,-those common to man and animals. The analysis of character must be conducted in a spirit of candor, and without any bias, prejudice, or preconceived ideas of the action of faculties, else no profit can be derived from it. Now, Love of Home is a trait difficult of analysis

by the ordinary observer. To know how much of this sentiment is natural or how much is acquired, or to know whether those who stick close to the home do so from love of it, or whether it is the result of laziness, is a question for the keen observer to decide. Some persons remain in one abode or stay constantly at home because they are averse to making the efforts essential to change, while others exhibit a most decided affection for the home of their childhood, and if obliged to leave it never cease to regret it. The development of the gland below the lip shows more after childhood is passed, for the reason that the face never assumes its perfect form until the character has begun to strengthen and develop.

Patriotism.-The love of country is a faculty which varies in the degree of its manifestation quite as much as other faculties. At first presentation of the subject one would think that love of country must of necessity be a cultivated faculty and an attribute of highly developed persons only, inasmuch as it is exhibited in its highest power by orators, statesmen, and heroes. Without the assistance of physiognomy we might think that Patriotism belonged exclusively to men of this class, but we shall presently learn that this trait is general in all civilized races, and even among the uncivilized there are many who evince the most ardent love of their own land. The Esquimaux, for example, are quite unable to understand how any one can live in a country which has neither ice nor seal, and their attachment for their own land is most decided.

Many persons evince a most lively affection for their country, yet are not locative in their habits, and care little for a settled place of abode; yet these two faculties are in harmony and mutually assist each other. Their local signs in the face adjoin, and their origin is the same: both are derived from the action of the glands. The perfected phase of this trait, which is observed in statesmen and orators, is due to the general development and perfecting of this trait, assisted by other perfected powers in the individual thus exhibiting it.

There are men in private life who are unknown to history and to fame, whose love of country is not excelled by any statesman or hero. There are women, too, whose Patriotism is of the highest order. Such women are the mothers of patriot heroes. It is to be remarked that man has not a single mental faculty which is not equally the attribute of woman, and if woman is possessed of Patriotism it is intended that she should use it and transmit it, for every faculty is for use. Nothing is created by Nature without a purpose, and if it be argued that Love of Country was given to woman to transmit to her sons, I answer that it might have been

given to the male only, and so transmitted as a masculine faculty exclusively without the intervention of the female.

The pages of history are brilliant with the deeds of patriotic heroines, and for one whose glorious deeds shine forth with noonday brilliancy there are thousands unknown to fame who have given up sons, fathers, and brothers, as well as risked their own lives and fortunes, in defense of their country; and the bead-roll of fame might be enriched with names whose deeds were as great as those of Joan of Arc, Charlotte Corday, or Madame Roland. This faculty is universal in the higher races, and is an animal or primitive faculty, and manifested, of course, in a limited and animal-like way by birds and beasts, who show most decided love for their own countries by pining and drooping when transported to countries unfavorable to their development. We must not argue that animals do not possess all of the faculties common to man because they do not express them as we do.

We shall do credit to our modesty if we refrain from setting ourselves up too high above those creatures in whose organisms reside the self-same traits of honesty, affection, maternal love, fidelity, industry, patience, love of home and of country which the highest human races possess, varying only in degree, not in kind. There is no doubt in my mind that the faculties which derive their sustenance from the action of the glands have each a separate source of supply; for example, the sentiment of Amativeness undoubtedly derives its power from the development of the glands belonging to the reproductive system, while the sentiment of Love of Young doubtless receives its sustenance from the mammary glands, which are largest in the female and only rudimentary in the male. This deficiency in the male would account for the superior strength of this sentiment in woman. Love of Home and of Country, as well as Approbativeness and Hospitality, I think must be derived from the intestinal glands. Their signs being in the neighborhood of the mouth, the principal organ of digestion, would indicate this to be the case.

FACULTIES DERIVED FROM THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

Amativeness, or Love of the Sexes.-Amativeness and reproductive capacity are known by thickness, moisture, and redness of the centre of the upper lip. When very thick it also denotes glandular, muscular, and adipose development. This sign is better defined in the physiognomies of ancient races and in European faces than in American people. The function of reproduction is more active in the muscular or artistic classes than in all others,