a brain; it shows also that, while thought is manufactured in the brain, consciousness and intelligence are properties of nerve and ganglionic masses, and the nerves connected with the glandular system of digestion were able in this instance to make the man's wants apparent without the direct co-operation of either brains for thought, or muscles for speech. Of the method of studying mind through observation of morbid or diseased conditions, Dr. Maudsley remarks thus: It is probable that an exact observation of the mental effects of morbid states of the different organs would help the inquiry into the feelings and desires of the mind which owe their origin to particular organs. What are the psychological features of disease of the heart, disease of the lungs, disease of the liver? They are unquestionably different in each case.* Elsewhere the same writer observes: Let me now say a few words concerning the abdominal organs. No one will call in question that the states of their functions do exert a positive influence on our states of mind. I have met with one case of severe melancholia of long standing which was distinctly cured by the expulsion of a tape-worm, and it appears to be tolerably certain that hypochondriacal insanity is in some instances connected with, if not caused by, a perverted sensation proceeding from an internal organ, most often abdominal. In health we are not conscious of the impressions which these organs make upon the brain, albeit they assuredly send their unperceived contributions to the stream of energies of which consciousness is the sum and outcome; but when a disordered organ sends a morbid impression to the brain it no longer does its work there in silence and self-suppression, but asserts itself in an unwonted affection of consciousness. Not long since I saw a patient who believed that he had a man in his belly; when his bowels were constipated the delusion became active; he made desperate efforts by vomiting to get rid of his tormentor, and was then surly, morose, and dangerous; but when his bowels had been relieved the delusion subsided into the background and he was goodtempered and industrious.† The reciprocal action of visceral organs upon the brain, and of the brain upon interior organs, has long been investigated in asylums for the insane; but for want of a system to verify obser vations not much progress in the intelligent treatment of these cases has been made. A correct understanding of the physiog nomy will assist materially in the recovery of these patients where disorder is caused by diseased states of the abdominal organs; for the face does unfold the signs for all these organs, and will reveal at a glance which are the weaker, and consequently those which are most likely to be assailed with disease, as well as those which are sufficiently strong to assist in repelling disease. *Body and Mind, Henry Maudsley, M.D., p. 36. FACULTIES DERIVED FROM THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM. Benevolence.-Benevolence, shown by the full, rolling, moist under lip, indicates a strong and active condition of the glandular system, both of the secretory and absorbent systems. Whenever this feature of the physiognomy is well developed, most of the secreting glands-viz., the lachrymal, salivary, and mammary glands, pancreas, liver, prostate, and testes-will be found to coincide in their vigor and normal action with the size and moisture of the under lip. The absorbent glands also find their illustration in the same feature. The absorbents are divided into two classesthe lacteals and the lymphatics. The function of absorption is indispensable to nutrition; its agents are the numerous minute vessels named the "absorbents" and the small, reddish bodies through which these vessels pass the "absorbent or conglobate lymphatic glands." The lacteals are found only in the abdomen. Their office is to convey the chyle, which they absorb (after the food has been digested in the intestines), to the thoracic duct, whence it is sent into the general circulation to repair the waste and renew the tissues. The lymphatics, on the contrary, are distributed through all portions of the body. Their use is to take up by absorption all waste or useless matters, and convey such matters which have become solvent either to the general circulation, there to be discharged from the system by some of the excretory organs, or used again in the economy of the human organism.* I have inserted this slight description of the office of the glandular system, in order that those of my readers who are not well read in physiology and anatomy may understand the philosophy of the action of these glands and the appropriateness of their signs in the face. Now, the glands in the lower lip, being more numerous and more prominent than in any other part of the face, would seem to point to that feature as the facial index of the glandular power of the entire system; added to the fact that the absorbing glands are directly related to the function of digestion, and whenever a prominent sign of any function or faculty is observed in the face, all minor signs are always to be found in juxtaposition with it, just as in the body all organs which assist a similar function or class of functions are placed in positions of sufficient contiguity to facilitate their mutual action. If the entire glandular system is well developed, we must infer that the absorbents will take up sufficient material to supply the necessities of the organism by creating new tissues, and that the excretory glands will perform the task of carrying from the system all effete or waste matter. Hence, a good development of this system shows its power to throw off diseases as well as to resist the approach of * Practical Anatomy, Robert Harrison, M.D., p. 360. those which affect the glands more particularly. Again, the lip is a facial indicator of the intestinal system, and it is an organ of taste. Thus you will observe that Benevolence in its developed state assists in protecting the body, as well as gives the power and desire to assist others. We cannot give if we are in an impover ished condition, and cannot warm toward others if we are deficient in what creates animal heat. A thin, dry under lip indicates the reverse of Benevolence, and shows a constricted or impoverished condition of the glandular system, as well as a stingy, close-fisted person. At Physicians have long known the value of the lips as indicators of pathological and morbid states of the body, yet have never understood their use as an exponent of physiological and mental conditions and powers. In certain fevers the lower lip assumes a dry appearance, at other times a livid or pale hue, and denotes either inflammatory or impoverished conditions of the system. times the lips turn dark and crack, and are the seat of other disorders consequent on diseased states of remote parts of the organism or of general disturbances; as in fevers, etc. In many cases where the lips are full and the checks are thin, one set of glands are predominant over others. Thin cheeks indicate a lack of vigor in the glands of the abdomen, and consequently the faculties of Friendship and Sociality are measurably lacking; but in such persons it is usual to find the lips full, more especially the lower one. This appearance reveals the fact that the other glands are more perfectly and more strongly developed, as, for example, the mammary in women and the prostate and testes in men. In such persons the lack of Friendship is compensated by an increased development of "Love of Young" and conjugal love. This love does not extend to friends, but is exclusively conjugal or sexual, and distinct from Friendship entirely. And thus there is ever this apparent attempt on the part of Nature to balance or compensate in some way the defects of certain parts of the organism mentally and physically. A man without love for friends and deficient in love for the opposite sex would be an anomaly. Many misers who have avoided the haunts of men and showed no friendly associative feelings whatever, have shown love for woman by desultory attachments to those of the opposite sex, and some slight feeling for their offspring, the result of such connections. The well-known John Elwes, once M.P. for Berkshire, England, was a miser of this description, and when he died bequeathed to his two illegitimate children £500,000. This person's portrait discloses an under lip rather more full and rounding than that of most misers; his upper lip also shows an average amount of Amative ness, but Friendship and Sociality are altogether wanting in his countenance. Economy.-The faculty for economizing and making the most of one's materials is a noble and useful quality. Saving is neither meanness nor stinginess, as many seem to think, but is the result in most cases of a good development of conscientiousness; for this trait in combination with firmness is observed well defined in the faces of all who possess the saving faculty as a talent. Now, in order to understand the faculty of economy we must analyze its origin and action physiologically before we can comprehend its mental and moral aspects. In the first place, we must not confound saving with acquiring. In many cases the ability to save is the compensation for a lack of acquisition. Many persons are not endowed by Nature with a faculty for gaining much, and so the character, in order to sustain itself, has often the compensating faculty of economy. Yet many individuals possessed of good sound intellects, well balanced both as regards reason and practicality, and with good powers for acquisition, save and store up for themselves, as well as for others. Economy is not a faculty possessed by the defective alone, but in some is the outgrowth of a combination of reason, conscientiousness, benevolence and firmness. In highly developed characters, those possessed of power and principle, are found the faculties which lie at the base of their economy. Economy is derived from the normal action of the glands primarily; for in all those who are best adapted to store up and accumulate on a large scale (while at the same time using with sense their possessions), we find the storing-up capacity within their own systems. The glands create the juices of the body and accumulate a fund of tissue, which serve to keep the body in a state of vigor and usefulness. Economy also results from balanced condition of all the bodily or visceral organs, induced by the vigor and power which well-nourished glands have given to the organism. This creates such vigor of mind and breadth of judgment as to produce that quality of conservativeness which enables one to amass a large fortune, which by exercise of the same faculties may be used for the good of large numbers, as was the case with the fortune which Peter Cooper accumulated and which will be used as a fund in perpetuity for the education of the youth of New York. And herein lies another proof and demonstration of the theory that men of broad build and large, broad noses possess greater breadth of judgment than those of opposite formation. The saving faculty is often exhibited by persons possessed of little power to acquire on a large scale. In their cases it enables them to balance their income with their expenditures, and often such characters will possess in the end more than those with superior powers of acquisition. Every faculty is primarily indebted for its vigor to the amount of nutriment furnished to the blood from the lymphatic or absorbent system; for the blood is the common carrier of all nutritious. materials which rebuild and replenish all the tissues whatsoever, and every faculty of mind was once in the blood. The local sign for Economy is situated in the vegetative division of the face, and receives its power directly from glandular action and development. The law in scientific physiognomy in regard to localizing the facial signs is that each sign will be found situated within the system from which it derives its support. For example, the local sign for Constructiveness is located on the side of the nose in the muscular formation. Conscientiousness is known by the width of the bony structure of the chin. Language is dependent upon muscle for its power, and all its signs are within the muscular system, viz., in the ear, the eye, the lips, the larynx, etc. The economizing spirit manifests itself in a great variety of ways. Some will be saving of money, and not of property or goods; others will be saving of materials, yet give freely of personal service. One of the most lavish persons I ever observed gave liberally of his money, but would make no personal effort for friends, hardly bringing himself to speak up for their benefit when he might easily have done so. Every phase and each degree of Economy may be ascertained by a reference to the physiognomy and physiology of the individual. The desire to save is usually quite wanting in childhood. In such cases it should be cultivated, and if it is weak the child should be taught in all ways that it is an essential part of a well-balanced character; but the training in this direction must be systematic and persistent. The economical traits of character are rather weak in Americans, and should be more cultivated by them. Economy is not miserliness, neither is it meanness; only the economist can be generous, for the spendthrift having no stores has nothing to use and nothing to give in time of need. Economy is a noble trait, for it requires both intellectual power to administer upon one's possessions, and strength of mind, of will, and of conscience to store up against the day of want, sickness and old age, as well as for the demands of benevolence. Indeed, in the faces of all in whom I have observed the saving and economical faculty the signs for Firmness and Conscientiousness were very noticeable. Storing up for selfish gratification is seldom practiced. Excessively selfish characters lack reason, hence are incapable of making a sufficiently wise use of their acquisitions as to save up against a |