he will be honest in his dealings, paying his debts, and can be always relied on for honesty, and also may exhibit considerable moral heroism. At the same time he may not evince integrity of the muscular system, and this will cause him to be dishonest in his treatment of the opposite sex, or he may be untruthful and unreliable in his statements. This kind of character is often met with. The organs of generation and of speech are almost entirely within the action of the muscular system; hence, any lack of integrity in or want of balance of this system would lead directly to irregularities of the sexual nature, or of erratic action of the speaking apparatus, and untruthfulness or deception would be the result.

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An undeveloped or enfeebled condition of the glandular system exhibits its action in various ways. Color-blindness, or lack of integrity of the sight, is one method of manifesting its deficient organization. Color-blindness is due to a lack of supply of the coloring pigments and defective arterial circulation. When the glands fail to create a due amount of coloring matter for the eral circulation, the organism does not receive its normal supply of coloring matter with which to supply and replenish the pigments, which assist not only the organs of sight and the ganglia of the other sense-organs, but those of smell and hearing, etc. One of the most significant circumstances observed in regard to color is that those who have the most color in their hair, eyes, and complexion are the best adapted to judge of colors. Yet we often observe those who are color-blind in a certain degree who have considerable color, yet clearness of the skin is lacking, and this one circumstance prevents the individual from having a decidedly good and strong color-sense. Here we note that integrity of the general circulation has failed, and thus the individual is lacking in this form of integrity or conscientiousness; for conscientiousness is not a sentiment merely, but is, as you will doubtless become convinced, a matter of physiological organization, and dependent greatly upon the manner in which we live and upon our daily habits of eating and breathing. There are numerous laws which are called into action to produce a conscientious condition of the body. If a certain mechanical construction of the eye is defective, cross-eyes (strabismus) is the result. Other defects produce short-sightedness and squinting. Here, then, is a departure from trueness and conscientiousness. These persons are, in the degree that they are defective, so much less capable of correct and true action of their visual system,-another form of immorality or untrueness.

Where the organs of hearing are mechanically defective the individual is incapable of the same degree of accuracy in regard

to sound and speech as where the auditory system is perfect. Another sort of immorality is induced by this defect.

We might continue this form of analysis of the faculty of Conscientiousness indefinitely, but sufficient is here noted to teach the fact that morality, integrity, conscientiousness, honor, and honesty in every department of the body is dependent mainly upon an equilibrated or honest condition of the several organ systems within the human organism.

Analysis of Firmness.-Firmness is indicated by length downward and forward of the ramus, or lower jaw-bone; it shows power in the individual to resist disease by the exercise of a firm and persevering determination to recover, as well as the power to persevere in a course calculated to restore health. This faculty being related to the bony system denotes that there is organic power,— the power which the conscientious nature of bone yields,—and this is useful in combating diseased conditions. The face of Dr. Tanner (who once undertook the task of fasting forty days and succeeded) exhibits this faculty in a remarkable degree. His firmness and perseverance contributed materially to his success, while the superior bony structure which he possesses shows that the kidney system is uncommonly well developed. These two faculties— Conscientiousness and Firmness-will carry one through not only great physical but also great moral disorders, and enable their possessors to stand upon principle against a world of opposition. Had Dr. Tanner exhibited equal power in other parts of his mind and body, but without Firmness, he could not have accomplished his self-imposed task.

The physiognomies of all long-lived persons have the sign for Firmness remarkably well developed. This faculty, physiologically developed, gives the power to endure and also to resist all that would tend to imperil health and life, and even after health is assailed the organic power which inheres in a good bony system often enables the individual to withstand the attack of disease and come off conqueror.

The northern tribes of North American aborigines have this faculty in excess; hence their indomitable will and power to resist diseases and recover from desperate wounds.

Among the civilized nations I have never known a man of eminent character to be greatly deficient in Firmness, and most men who excel in any great enterprise show the sign for Firmness well defined; even great criminals, especially those who have committed crimes requiring great endurance, hardship, and persistency, exhibit this trait in their physiognomies. Its location is worthy our attention, being close to Conscientiousness; it assists

moral effort by its stable, firm fixedness of purpose. Firmness has been formed by a fine development of bone; its sign is found in the elongation of the lower jaw-bone, and this bone, as a logical and physiological sequence, has been formed by the kidney and fluid system of the body doing its work in a thorough and capable manner; upbuilding the bones by means of the lime in the system which has been conveyed in its fluid state to its several destinations, and also by the excretory action of the kidneys in excreting noxious and useless elements. An excess of bone, like all unbalanced systems, induces disease as well as perversions of character, which are shown in the mulish and stupid animal and person whose bones are too large and heavy for the other systems to harmonize with and give them proportionate action. Too much bone leaves its possessor stupid, obtuse, inert,-in other words, dull and lazy. The ass is a specimen of what a preponderance of bone will do in the way of stupidity and obstinacy. In the human family we shall find many who are real sufferers by too heavy and too large bones; not only do they suffer from inertia or laziness, but a too great deposition of lime in the system induces constitutional disorders, such as rheumatism, gout, enlargement of the joints, and ossification, in some instances, of the fingers; also, a decided tendency to liver complaints and melancholy as age advances. Those who doubt that mind and morals are dependent upon physiological formation for the illustration of their varied modes of action are referred to an examination of the bony system and its associated characteristics in all their various modifications for evidence of what is herein stated.

The cultivation of Firmness, where it is defective, should be attempted in a religious spirit, with the view of improving upon ancestral inheritances and for the sake of advancing character to a balanced condition, to the end that morality may be enhanced, success in business assured, and health and longevity made possible.

FACULTIES DERIVED FROM THE INTESTINAL SYSTEM.

Digestion or Alimentiveness.—Digestion has its principal sign in the face located on either side of the mouth, and is known by fullness of the lower part of the cheek. This is the most prominent sign, in infancy, of good assimilative and nutritive powers. It is true that the signs of good digestion are to be found all over the person, and the bones will be well covered with adipose tissue where this function is vigorous. There is a seeming want of inductive ratiocination on the part of the majority of persons, who, while they recognize this sign for one physical function in the face,

-viz., that of good digestive powers,-look no farther for the signs of the action of the other visceral organs, such as the liver, the kidneys, the heart, the lungs, the glands, the stomach, etc. Now, if Nature has placed the sign for one function in the face, it is logical and natural to infer that others are also represented there. While this function (digestion) is the sustainer of all the mental faculties that is to say, gives the nutrition essential to their existence and activity-the kidney system keeps all in purity and soundness by its excretory qualities alone. The fact that the fluid waste of the body exceeds the solid waste is undeniable. By actual demonstration it has been proved that the fluid waste from the kidneys and sweat-glands is more, by several pounds' weight in twenty-four hours, than is the waste excreted from the intestinal system. Writers on physiology are unable to account for the origin of the sensation of hunger. They do not seem to be able to discover how the individual becomes conscious of the need of the body for more nourishment; that is to say, how the stomach is made to feel hunger.

Dr. C. Cutter, a writer of physiology, observes :

It has been inferred by some writers on physiology that the glands which supply the gastric fluid, by a species of instinctive intelligence, would only secrete enough fluid to convert into chyme the aliment needed to supply the real wants of the system.

What are the reasons for this inference? There is no evidence that the gastric glands possess instinctive intelligence, and can there be a reason adduced why they may not be stimulated to extra functional action as well as other organs, and why they may not also be influenced by habit? Precisely what Dr. Cutter means by "instinctive intelligence" he does not explain; and until he gives his explanation we can find no solution to the question as he propounds it. How can the human system know when it requires nutriment? My theory has been stated before, and I should answer, frem its mind, or consciousness; for, as mind inheres in every part of the body, so the branches and filaments of nerves connected with the gastric glands convey to the brain these wants of the individual. The pneumogastric nerve ramifies upon the stomach, and this nerve becomes cognizant of the wants of the organ over which it presides, so to speak, and, communicating with the nerves of the other parts of the organism involved in the process of digestion, all combined make demand for more nutrition and prepare the several organs and glands for its reception. This theory is clearly proved by the fact that where the brain is func tionally or structurally diseased it is often incapable of taking cog

nizance of the conditions and appeals of these parts, and insane persons are often compelled by force to partake of food, as they would starve to death if left to their own care, not being notified by the stomach of the needs of the body-the consequence of the diseased condition of the brain. The case of the wounded sailor, noted by Sir Astley Cooper, illustrates this theory, and shows that all the vegetative processes of the body can go on without the brain being conscious of the action of the organs of respiration, secretion, excretion, or growth.

In Sir Astley Cooper's "Lectures on Surgery," the following singular case is noted: At Gibraltar, a sailor fell from the yardarm of a ship, and was taken up unconscious. He remained some months in the hospital there, in a perfectly insensible condition. He was then conveyed to England and placed in a hospital at Deptford, where Sir Astley Cooper, the eminent surgeon, visited him. He was informed by the attending surgeon that the sailor had been insensible for many months. He said:

He lies on his back with a few signs of life; he breathes; indeed, has a pulse, and some motion in his fingers; but in all other respects he is deprived of all powers of mind, volition, or sensation. If he wanted food, he had the power of moving the lips and tongue, and this action of his mouth was the signal to his attendants for supplying this want.*

This last sentence corroborates my theory of the mental power of the nerves of the digestive apparatus. It is here proved that consciousness was suspended for many months; yet the organs of digestion had power to manifest intelligence in the manner indicated above. This man lay in this condition for thirteen months, when Sir Astley Cooper trephined him; that is to say, raised the depressed portion of the bone from off the brain, upon which it was pressing. Four hours afterward he was able to sit up in bed and converse, and four days after he was restored to all the faculties of his mind and functions of body. He said that he remembered nothing from the moment that he fell; thus proving that the faculty of Memory of Events was entirely suspended. His reason, we see, was dormant; all power over the muscles, with the exception of a slight motion of the fingers and tongue and lips, was gone; yet this man lived, breathed, secreted the juices of the stomach, liver, and intestines; excreted from the kidneys and bowels; but was unable to manifest intelligence, except that sort which the digestive apparatus was able to make apparent.

This peculiar diseased condition of the sailor above instanced led to the important discovery that consciousness, or mind, existed within the body, as it does in those animals which are destitute of

*Quoted from "A Physiology for Schools," C. Cutter, M.D., p. 30.