that he may use color-terms in his descriptions. A good degree of Locality, Credenciveness, and Observation is necessary. Language, most fluent and ornate, must be cultivated and exhibited. A sense of Time and Mental Order is very useful. Artistic Judgment or Reason, as well as Intuition, are strong factors in the mental equipment of the imaginative writer.

I take great pleasure in presenting herewith the portraits of Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray, two of the best-known English novelists. Both of these men were wonderful physiognomists, as their descriptions of character attest. That Dickens understood, in an artistic way, the association of form with character, the following description of the form and mental methods of "Gradgrind" will prove :—

"Now, what I want is Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts. Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else and root out everything else. You can only form the minds of reasoning animals upon Facts; nothing else will ever be of any service to them. This is the principle upon which I bring up my own children, and this is the principle upon which I bring up other children. Stick to Facts, sir!"

The scene was a plain, bare, monotonous vault of a school-room, and the speaker's square forefinger emphasized his observations by underscor ing every sentence with a line on the schoolmaster's sleeve. The emphasis was helped by the speaker's square wall of a forehead, which had his eyebrows for its base, while his eyes found commodious cellarage in two dark caves overshadowed by the wall. The emphasis was helped by the speaker's mouth, which was wide, thin, and hard-set. The emphasis was helped by the speaker's voice, which was inflexible, dry, and dictatorial. The emphasis was helped by the speaker's hair, which bristled on the outskirts of his bald head-a plantation of firs to keep the wind from its shining surface— all covered with knobs, like the crust of a plum-pie, as if the head had scarcely warehouse room for the hard facts stored inside. The speaker's obstinate carriage, square coat, square legs, square shoulders-nay, his very neckcloth, trained to take him by the throat with an unaccommodating grasp, like a stubborn fact as it was-all helped the emphasis.

"In this life we want nothing but Facts, sir. Nothing but Facts. Thomas Gradgrind, sir. A man of realities. A man who proceeds upon the principle that two and two make four and nothing over, and who is not to be talked into allowing for anything over. Thomas Gradgrind, sir! with a rule and a pair of scales and the multiplication table always ready in his pocket to weigh and measure any parcel of human nature and tell you exactly what it comes to."

In this portrait and analysis the scientific physiognomist recognizes a man with the bone and brain systems dominant and the muscular and vegetative systems not ranking so high as the former. This combination would exhibit great Probity, Practicality, Precision, and Order, with but scant Ideality or Imagination. It also produces angularity-squareness-without balance or rounded or curvilinear ideas. There is no doubt that Dickens had met with a man of this square or angular formation, with his precise and

"rectangular" method of talking, and, with his penchant for caricature, had exaggerated his peculiarities in the character of "Gradgrind."

The descriptions of the forms, faces, color, and stature of the creatures of imagination by talented writers of fiction, from Shakespeare down, are of great interest to the physiognomist, as showing that the faculty of Human Nature is one of their strongest powers. The scientific analyses of characters by George Eliot and Balzac are well worthy our attention.

FIG. 380.-ARMAND RICHELIEU. (CARDINAL, DUKE OF FRANCE,
STATESMAN, AUTHOR.)

This countenance discloses great capacities, superstition, craft, knowledge of
human nature, and large reflective powers. It is the face of a typical sixteenth-
century politician. Every feature reveals power. The chin, by its form, denotes
cunning, craft, and wit, with Firmness large and Conscientiousness only of average
development. The under lip shows a fair degree of Benevolence. The upper lip in-
dicates large Amativeness. The nose is a grand feature, and reveals, at first glance,
the secret of his power. The eyes, the superciliary spaces, the eyebrows, and fore-
head are all remarkable features. The brain system is dominant and of high quality,
the muscular takes second rank, the thoracic follows a close third, while the osseous
system is next in degree. The signs in the nose are all well defined: Cautiousness,
Hope, Analysis, Human Nature, Mental Imitation, Ideality, Sublimity, Construction,
Acquisition, Executiveness, Veneration, Logical Reason, and Self-will are developed
in such large degree as to form a most unique organ, and indicate great mental
powers and administrative capacities of the first rank. Form and Size are very large :
so, also, are Prescience, Credenciveness, Calculation, Locality, Observation, Lan-
guage, Order, Time, Memory of Events, Reason, and Intuition. The size and form
of the nose indicate Mental Force and Resistance, as well as a love of domination.

Fiction has its place in the development of character, and in this age exercises a powerful influence upon the community. Its creators are receiving that attention which they justly deserve.

THE SYSTEMS AND FACULTIES REQUIRED BY A STATESMAN.

As the construction of society and governments change, the requirements of those who are to rule, govern, and administer the laws must also move with the onward march of progress.

The statesman required by a medieval monarchy would not be

.

the best suited to a modern kingdom, and certainly not to a modern republic. Again, the several departments of every government must have men suited to the needs of each; hence, it is clearly proved that statesmen may be of many forms and possess a great variety of faculties, differing in kind and degree. Yet, with all these differences, they must exhibit many traits in common. A statesman needs, in the first place, a broad and comprehensive mind, well filled with facts and data of many sorts, and a large knowledge of his country's laws and history, as well as a complete knowledge of the structure of other governments. He must have a sound judgment in practical affairs, together with a strong sense of equity. Large executive powers must be his, and a strong constitution and great good health. He requires large Firmness, Conscience, Patriotism, Love of Home, Alimentiveness, Amativeness, Friendship, Pneumativeness, Sanativeness, a good share of Force and Resistance, large Self-esteem, considerable Caution, and a due amount of Secretiveness. He requires Sublimity to give breadth to his ideas and ability to cope with vast subjects. He must have Acquisitiveness, Constructiveness, Human Nature, Veneration, Executiveness, and Self-will; not too much Credenciveness; a good development of Size, Form, Observation, Memory of Events, Locality, Time, Order, Calculation, Causality, and Comparison.

To be a great statesman-such as Webster, for examplerequires a gift of eloquence, as well as a comprehensive knowledge of laws, a well-stored mind, and familiarity with administrative

customs.

A great statesman is a benefactor to the human race, for he will act disinterestedly for the highest good of all: he will sink his own personal interests in his efforts for humanity.

CONCLUSION.

In concluding this (to me) very pleasant work, I take leave of the subject with regret, for the reason that there is so much more that might have been written left unwritten. It is the misfortune of all sciences that no book is large enough to give them full representation. This is eminently true of the science of physiognomy. It necessarily includes all sciences, and in order to give it scope one must interrogate the principles of many other allied systems of science. The subjects of ethnology, evolution, heredity (yet in embryo), and hygiene are properly a part of physiognomical lore. I have not been able, through want of space, to give these subjects the attention which they deserve in this connection. I advise those of my readers who wish to become thorough students of physiognomy to familiarize themselves with all of these studies.

They are a part of human science and will greatly aid in the comprehension of character.

The reader will have discovered, I opine, that the knowledge of physiognomy reveals something more than merely a method of reading character by local signs in the face. It leads out in many directions. A system which gives a practical method of reading character by facial indications is a great advancement in knowledge. This discovery of itself forms an epoch in physical science, and if this were its only use it would be a most wonderful stride forward, but this is only the beginning of its power and usefulness. The capacity to read the face creates the ability to adapt, and to be able to know the characters best adapted to each other in marriage, for example, is one great step forward in progressive evolution—in the scientific culture of the race. The laws of adaptation, as applied to marriage, tend directly to race improvement; hence, to better physiques, to a larger life, grander qualities of mind, and higher morality.

These are not the only uses to which physiognomical science can be turned. The ability to decide accurately the trade or profession to which one is best adapted is another grand use which can be made of this science. It teaches how to work with Nature in the choice of pursuits, instead, as heretofore, of leaving one to grope in ignorance of his powers until youth and opportunity are past.

The conservation and economizing of all our powers, both mental, moral, and physical, is another grand lesson which it teaches.

The development of all sides of the character, with directions how to improve the stronger and strengthen the weaker faculties of mind, are herein set forth.

The methods to pursue in order to improve the beauty of the face, the body, the disposition, and the intellect are by this system made known.

To be able to use this science to produce all these effects is to give the ability to create the grandest types of man possible. This power then, thus used, disproves the erroneous charge that science tends to fatality; that because one is born with a peculiar bent of mind and with a certain-shaped face and body he is therefore destined to a certain fate from which he cannot extricate himself. Were man not the most malleable being in existence this charge might have some foundation. It is true that a human being can best pursue the path or direction which is the most decidedly exhibited in his organization; but this does not preclude the possibility of changing that bias radically, and of successfully following a direction very different to the one inherited.

The knowledge of how scientifically to accomplish this, if practically applied, does away with the false charge of " "fatality," "destiny," "predestination," etc., brought against science by those who lack the ability to comprehend or the industry to investigate the laws of Nature.

The every-day experiences of parents and teachers prove that often the most hopeless children, when brought under the influence of superior conditions, have become men and women of great promise. How much more rapidly might the work of cultivation be carried forward if an accurate method could be applied to ascertain the strength and weakness of the child without having first to experiment! This method scientific physiognomy furnishes.

Viewed in every aspect, physiognomy will be found of use to mankind. It is with the purpose of elevating humanity that I have attempted the task of giving to the world the observations which I have been a life-time in making. It is a labor of love, offered in a true missionary spirit, the knowledge of which will protect the innocent by unmasking the vicious.