and functions of the body. These efforts, which we denominate mechanical, artistic, domestic, etc., are performed, as I have shown, by the muscles, the bones, the nerves, the glands, etc., and by the vegetative faculties and functions. The signs for the predominance of the brain and nervous system are a pyriform or pear-shaped face, relatively large head, especially high above the ears, broad and full forehead, bright eyes, relatively small nose, small and thin hands and feet, and thin nails, thin nostrils and lips, small bones and muscles, slim neck, and small abdomen, with quick motions and rapidity of speech. Persons of this formation are earnest, excitable, acute, delicate, spirituelle and sensitive in feeling, highstrung, sparkling and bright, and the emotions, such as love, pity, fear, and imagination, are very easily excited. They also suffer and enjoy intensely. The faculty of reason is dominant, and the capacity for mathematical labor is in many cases of the highest.

The brain is a soft, pulpy mass, and is composed of “sixty per cent. of carbon, ten per cent. of hydrogen, two per cent. of nitrogen, and nine-tenths of one per cent. of phosphorus." This exhibit of the elements of brain-matter shows that brain without a good share of bone in combination is a curse instead of a blessing. Carbon is the element which prevails most extensively in the vegetative system, and in the brain we find sixty per cent. of the same material. I have shown that where there is a good bony system lime in its several forms enters largely into its composition. Not only does it enter into the solid structure of the bone, but it is also found in a fluid state in the juices and tissues of the body. Now, if the blood is heavily charged with lime, it will be carried to the brain in larger quantities than where there is less of this element in combination. This explains why bony men have more solid, substantial, and practical intellects than those with a larger brain system and smaller bones. Those with the brain system predominating over all others are opinionated, changeable, and approbative, sometimes vain, almost always pure-minded, and, if of fine quality, desirous of the good of others; but where the other systems of the body are in good proportion the most happy results follow. Such a one was Washington. In him all the five organ systems were harmoniously blended, and all were of high quality. There can be a large development of any given system with poor quality. Size alone, as I shall show, is not the measure of power; but size and quality combined, as in Washington, give the most eminent talent and ability.

It will occur to all thoughtful persons that an excess of the brain system, like an excess of any other system, is a source of weakness and disease, and that as a perfected brain is the highest

gift of Nature it follows that it should have the most intelligent care and treatment in order to equalize the other systems and bring them into harmonious proportions and development. Now rest, sleep, and abstinence from excitement and luxurious living will be essential in the first place. This treatment would induce a desire for a larger quantity of wholesome nutriment. Sufficient exercise in a pure atmosphere would increase the thoracic system and digestion. This would tend directly to a better development of the abdominal powers. Thus equilibrium or balance would be established, and an otherwise short and painful existence might be prolonged into an enjoyable and useful one.

The diseases to which those are liable who possess a disproportioned brain system are the following: Dyspepsia, pulmonary consumption, melancholy, paralysis, insomnia or sleeplessness, softening of the brain, headache, dizziness, insanity and general debility. These can be in all instances averted by hygienic measures, intelligently and persistently employed. There are, in the broad pharmacopoeia of Nature, remedies for all the ills that the ignorance or willfulness of humanity inflicts upon its offspring.

The best and most practical method of improving the raceof regenerating humanity-is to understand the human mind and body, and then by wise and judicious selections of partners in marriage rebuild the race on scientific principles. Without a knowledge of the face and body this cannot be accomplished; hence the study of the subject before us is the first step in this direction. The next step is an application of its laws and principles.

One of the best evidences of a developed race is found in its manifestation of a high grade of reasoning, logical and mathematical powers. The unperfected races of the world, among whom I may mention the South Sea Islanders, the Esquimaux, and many African tribes, have so little ability in this direction as not to be able to calculate anything beyond the number of their fingers and toes. I think that man's superiority over the brute creation is more marked in this respect than in the matter of simple reason, which attribute many deny to the animal kingdom, although the power of reasoning to a large extent is proved by modern naturalists to hold a place in the mentality of the higher races of animals. The faculties of reason, causality, and comparison endow man with the gift of abstract mathematical ratiocination. In this he is perhaps more distinguished from the brutes than in any other manner, with the exception of the faculty of speech; although this is possessed by the parrot, but in this instance speech proceeds from a suitable formation of the vocal organs and is not accompanied with a corresponding degree of sense and observation.

This might serve as a lesson to those persons who ascribe to the human race "divinity," and to the lower animals none. When we find the lower animals endowed with a fine degree of reason, as in the horse, dog, and elephant; and some mathematical ability or sense, as in these same creatures and in "learned pigs," who are taught to count and reckon; when we find human speech in the parrot, I think the self-love and vainglory of man may as well give way, and allow to these, our "blood-relations, Haeckel terms them, a fair share of divinity. We ought to be thankful to the Creator, who, in His wisdom, has chosen these humble instruments to serve as a means of teaching us whence we sprung and from whom we originated.

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The brain system is the highest and last in the progressive development of the human race. Many of our most brilliant thinkers have possessed this system. Many, not having a due proportion of the other systems, have died young. This conformation large, in combination with the bony and vegetative systems harmoniously blended, has produced many powerful intellects. Samuel Johnson, Arkwright, Gibbon, Dumas, Buckle, Hume, Benjamin Franklin, William Penn, Handel, and many others were thus endowed, and were noted for their reason and their intense mental application.

CHAPTER IV.

THE SUB-BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOGNOMY.

W

FORM AND SIZE.

HETHER we accept the doctrine of evolution or not, we must, with the vast array of evidence in organized life before us, admit that there is a singular unity of action influencing the methods of Nature. An ordinary observer will find that certain forms in the animal kingdom exhibit similar traits when present in the human family. The same general laws as to form, size, color, texture, proportion, and faculties are common to both man and the brute creation. A study of the various con formations, colors, and textures of the several species of animals, both wild and domestic, together with the birds, which geology shows preceded the animal kingdom in the scheme of creation, will assist very materially in the knowledge and proofs of scientific and practical physiognomy.

First, as to Form and Size. Consider the hippopotamus,— bulky, unwieldy, slow, with large abdomen, small brain, thick hide, wanting in sensitiveness, and useless for any practical purpose. To which formation of the human family does this animal correspond? If you have given attention to the preceding pages you will recognize at once all the general characteristics of the Vegetative Form.

Examine closely the stag, made for mountain climbing. Behold his length of limb, leanness, activity, and form, the brightness of his eye, his ambition, desire for scaling the greatest heights, and his great breadth of chest-the broadest part of his body. He is here, there, and everywhere in a moment; does not dwell long at one place or pursuit. His lungs and heart must be well developed to give the power for such activity. This form is the counterpart of the thoracic in the human organism.

Let us pursue this system of physiognomy still further. In the animal world, whenever we see creatures endowed with the disposition for great destruction we naturally look for a corresponding amount of strength. In this grade of development strength and destruction are synonymous. If you were to examine a lion, tiger, or panther, you would find them characterized by strong, compact

This class of animals reprePersons of this form exhibit

muscles; dark, hairy coat; dark or yellow eyes, with rapid motions, intense passions, and great courage. sents the muscular build in man. great strength, capacity for destruction, and large amativeness. They are also social, domestic, emotional, and commercial, the commercial faculty corresponding to the preying and getting instinct in the animals of the same form.

As I have previously shown that the most reliable, moral, tractable, and naturally intelligent of the human species are found where the bony system is predominant, so in the animal kingdom you will find the corresponding faculties in those domestic animals -the horse, the cow, the ox, the camel, and dog-who render to mankind faithful, gentle, and intelligent service. The distinguishing marks as to color, form, and texture are relatively the same as in the bony system predominant in man. The prominent points are square bones, large joints, and projecting eye-bones, rather fine hair, variety of colors, herbivorous diet (although the dog, like man, lives on a mixed diet). The horse and dog are particularly receptive. The projecting bones over the eyes resemble the development of the practical or mechanical faculties in man. Width between the eyes, in either dog, horse, or man, is always indicative of a broad intelligence. It shows the faculty of Form to be large, and also gives breadth to all the functions and faculties of the mind; for physiognomy, well understood, reads the body as well as the face. It takes cognizance of the color of the hair, skin, and eyes; it observes the walk, the voice, gestures, and movements. All are indices of character. To a practiced ear the intonation of a single sentence will reveal very much to the listener. Everything which one does, no matter how trifling, is highly significant of character; and habits of observation and analysis should be formed in youth, and the reason why traits are combined as we find them should be given by parents and teachers. I feel assured that, after a careful reading of these thoughts, any parent will be competent to direct aright the dawning perceptions of his child in physiognomy. It is the duty of all parents to throw around their children such protection as the knowledge of the laws of Nature affords. It will prevent the erroneous conceptions of character to which the present lamentable ignorance of the laws of physiognomy leads. The many physiognomical errors current will be rectified, and the human family will be given a compass which will keep it clear of many shoals and quicksands which are found on the journey of life.

It will be observed by these comparisons that, in deciding upon the character of an individual, no one single circumstance or appearance can be considered decisive and conclusive. Neither form, size,