In commenting to your committee on the provisions of H.R. 2392, we recommended, in our report of January 22, 1964, certain amendments to that bill. H.R. 11160 includes these amendments.

In addition, H.R. 11160 contains an amendment recommended by the Department of the Army. This amendment authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to consrtuct, install, maintain, and operate only "minor" structures for anadromous fish. In the case of impoundments, new construction authority would be needed. While the term "minor" is not precise in meaning, it is our understanding that the Department of the Army was concerned that the bill might be construed as granting authority to the Secretary of the Interior for constructing multipurpose impoundments and therefore suggested the inclusion of this term in H.R. 2392. Since we are not contemplating the construction of such impoundments under either bill, we would not object to the enactment of H.R. 11160 with this provision.

The Bureau of the Budget has advised that while there is no objection to the presentation of this report, the Bureau of the Budget questions the need for additional construction authority in the water resource area and believes that the program which would be authorized by this legislation would be less productive both commercially and recreationally speaking, and therefore of lower priority, than other measures already enacted or under consideration in the Congress and favored by the administration.

Sincerely yours,

JOHN A. CARVER, Jr., Assistant Secretary of the Interior.

Mr. DINGELL. Our first witness this morning is our good friend and colleague from the State of California, Congressman John Moss. It is a pleasure to welcome you before the subcommittee.

STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN E. MOSS, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

Mr. Moss. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for the opportunity to present this statement on behalf of legislation which would authorize the Secretary of the Interior to initiate a program for the conservation, development, and enhancement of anadromous fish.

The urgency of this legislation is well known to all those familiar with the serious depletion now facing the Nation's anadromous fish resources consisting of salmon, steelhead trout, striped bass, sturgeon, shad, and several other species. It now appears inevitable that these resources may decline beyond the point of salvation unless measures are taken promptly to prevent further substantial depletion.

In my own State of California, and in the Third Congressional District which I represent, there are important streams where anadromous fishes begin their life in the fresh water. They later migrate to salt water where they spend most of their lives and ultimately return to the stream of their birth to spawn. It is clear that if the mature anadromous fishes cannot ascend the fresh water streams to spawn there will be no production of young and in a few years entire runs may disappear.

The various species of Pacific salmon in 1930 produced 526 million pounds to commercial fisheries. By 1960 this production had declined to 235 million pounds.

My bill, H.R. 3195, and the others introduced on this subject, would grant to the Secretary of the Interior authority similar to that granted by the act of 1938 under which the Columbia River fishery development program has produced a significant improvement in the anadromous fish population of the Columbia River Basin. This has been brought about by improvements affecting approximately 1,200 miles

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of streams, including the removal of debris, logjams, splash dams, and low natural falls. My bill would not in any way replace or alter the excellent Columbia River program, but it would have the effect of expanding that program to the entire Nation under separate authority.

I wish to thank you again, Mr. Chairman, for the opportunity of presenting this statement. I am certain this committee will give most thoughtful and careful study to this legislation which is designed to protect from a disastrous loss one of our most important natural

resources.

Mr. DINGELL. Thank you Mr. Moss for an excellent statement. We will move along and next welcome our colleague the Honorable Jeffery Cohelan. Congressman, please proceed.

STATEMENT OF HON. JEFFERY COHELAN, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

Mr. COHELAN. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I appreciate this opportunity to state briefly my vigorous support for this legislation which I have joined several of our colleagues in introducing.

The need for a program to conserve and develop our resource of anadromous fish is both clear and pressing. In California alone the value of the commercial catch is in excess of $8 million annually and the return from sport fishing has been estimated by the Department of the Interior to be about $17.5 million a year.

This is quite obviously a significant economic and recreational resource. Yet it is a resource whose future is in jeopardy because of the construction of large, multipurpose dams and other Federal-State water resource projects; construction which has cut off essential spawning habitats in countless rivers and streams.

California, Mr. Chairman, is making major efforts to protect and develop its anadromous fish. In addition to an annual expenditure of $1.4 million out of the license fee fund, the State is committed to one of the Nation's most comprehensive pollution control programs. By law it must provide compensation for damage to fish in all new State water project facilities—a figure which amounts to several million dollars each year.

But the Federal Government has a role to play as well for the anadromous fish are a national resource. For example, over 50 percent of the king salmon spawned in California's Sacramento River are later caught in Oregon and Washington.

But,

The problem of preserving this resource is, of course, not new. if we are to prevent the piecemeal and eventual destruction of our anadromous fish supply we must take prompt action. We must plan now for the fishes as well as for the dams.

This planning, fortunately, is provided in the bill which you are now considering. It calls for a comprehensive and cooperative program between the Secretary of the Interior and the several States. It calls for the first total program to preserve a vanishing wealth-producing resource. It is a constructive measure. It has the support of all interested parties. It will pay rich dividends for the future, and I urge that it be passed at this session of the Congress.

Thank you for allowing me to appear before you on this vital legislation.

Mr. DINGELL. It was our pleasure to have you here this morning Congressman."

Next we will hear the gentleman from Connecticut, the very able Congressman Bernard F. Grabowski. Welcome to the subcommittee.

STATEMENT OF HON. BERNARD F. GRABOWSKI, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT

Mr. GRABOWSKI. Mr. Chairman, members of the subcommittee, I am pleased to appear before you in support of H.R. 2392.

Generally, this bill authorizes the Secretary of the Interior, in cooperation with the States, to carry out a positive and extensive program designed to conserve and develop our Nation's anadromous fishery resources. These fishery resources are subject to depletion from Federal, State, and private water resource developments and from other

causes.

Anadromous species of fish begin their life in fresh water where they live for varying periods of time. Then they migrate to salt water where they spend most of their lives subject to final return to fresh water at maturity to spawn, and die, having completed their lifespan.

There are many economically important species of anadromous fish. Among these are the Atlantic salmon, the five species of Pacific. salmon, the steelhead, the American shad, the sea run trout, the striped bass or rockfish, alewives, and sturgeon.

Quite obviously, if the mature adult anadromous fish cannot ascend the fresh water streams to their spawning areas, there will be no production of young and in a relatively short time entire runs may be eliminated. A delay of several weeks in reaching the spawning area can be disastrous.

What has been occurring? In the United States the net effect of man's activities in water resource development from the early colonial days has been to more or less reduce the abundance of these species of fish.

In our Nation's development, many dams were built which had no provision for the passage of fish. In recent years, the extent of our water resource developments has had serious effects upon fishery resources. Passage to major spawning grounds has been blocked. Flooding of production areas has occurred. Still other factors have been cause for a changed fishery environment.

The diversion of water for irrigation, industrial, and municipal purposes has resulted in fish losses. The return of human and individual wastes to streams has been extremely harmful to environmental conditions necessary to sustain abundant fish life. The wholesale clearing of literally all soil holding vegetation in from the land as carried out by large logging operations or by suburban and urban housing and related construction developments have removed whole areas from fish production by permitting vast amounts of silt to enter the waterways. This destroys fish supporting environments.

In New England almost every stream is subject to one or more substantial dams. No passage facilities for upstream-migrating Atlantic

salmon were provided in the construction of early dams. Even in relatively recent years such facilities are not always provided or when provided have proved totally inadequate. The result has been obvious to many of us for too long. The once great numbers of Atlantie salmon have been eliminated from most streams. Reportedly now only Maine has a few thousand adult salmon ascending its streams each

year.

In the late 1800's the Maine salmon catch was reportedly more than 150,000 pounds. In 1950 the catch was less than 1,000 pounds. This is a startling picture of decline.

In other States to the south and on the west coast, dams and pollution have combined effectively to destroy prime anadromous fisheries time and again.

In recent years the striped bass in the Roanoke River of North Carolina has been endangered by pulpmill wastes and pollution other than from industrial sources. Within the past decade, new hydroelectric plants have modified streamflows, altered water temperatures to such degree as to retard the spawning dates, and adversely affect water quality for fishery purposes.

In early September 1962, over 3 million fish were killed in the Anacostia River, near Washington, D.C. Destruction was caused by 40 million gallons of raw sewage moving downstream at the same time that a large school of herring were moving upstream. Similar dramatic losses of fish resources have occurred over the past several years in the Lower Mississippi River Basin. These fish kills reportedly are traced to the normal use of several chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides on agricultural lands in the Lower Mississippi Basin States.

Various species of Pacific salmon in 1930 produced a total catch of 526 million pounds to the commercial fishery. In 1960 this production was down to 235 million pounds, a decrease of more than 50 percent. Of this total 25 percent was taken by sportsmen.

The American shad reached a peak of abundance in 1890 when fishermen caught over 43 million pounds. Today, less than one-seventh of that amount is caught. Only on the Pacific coast, where shad was transplanted in the 1880's, does this variety of fish now thrive in sufficient numbers. The shad have suffered serious depletion on the Atlantic coast because of pollution factors, dams, channel improvements, ship traffic, and overfishing.

On the Pacific coast, dams several hundred feet high, reservoirs several hundred feet in depth and 60 miles or more in length, and mass diversions of water over great distances of several hundred miles present unique problems. Preservation and development of anadromous fishery resources in these circumstances certainly demands enactment and implementation of a comprehensive corrective program which is not now available.

It is obvious that a pressing need exists for Federal leadership in the development and execution of a comprehensive national plan for the restoration and development of our anadromous fishery resources. One of the most important features of H.R. 2392 is the authority to be given to the Secretary of the Interior to take more initiative action than was previously possible in river basin planning where anadromous fishes are involved. This would include the development of plans for

the management and manipulation of water in such river basins for the benefit of anadromous fishes.

These plans might provide, where it was necessary, for the construction of dams and reservoirs designed to provide water for the migration, spawning, and rearing of anadromous fishes. Such dams would be designed to stabilize flows and control water temperatures, thereby facilitating rather than retarding or preventing the migration and production of such fish. Reservoirs having relatively stable pools would be extremely valuable in some areas. Where feasible, other water-use purposes such as irrigation, hydroelectric power, flood control, navigation, and recreation could be included in such develop

ments.

H.R. 2392 is designed to provide a means for overcoming anadromous fishery problems and at the same time provide a means of preventing or minimizing the influence of future problems pertinent to conservation, development, and enhancement of these fishery resources. Such a comprehensive program would also be instrumental in conserving species, other than the anadromous types. The marine species, which move into the estuaries and bays are also dependent upon stabilized waterflows. To eliminate or reduce the fresh water inflows to these bays and estuaries would result in a considerable change in environmental conditions. Under these conditions, for example, the shrimp population probably would decline or completely vanish.

If we are to protect and increase the reproductive runs of this Nation's anadromous fish resources, we must act now.

I urge your support for enactment of the provisions of H.R. 2392. Mr. DINGELL. Thank you, Congressman, for an excellent statement. If the members of the subcommittee have no questions, we will continue with a very able Congressman from California, the Honorable John J. McFall.

STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN J. McFALL, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

Mr. McFALL. Thank you for the opportunity to testify in support of my bill, H.R. 3697, and identical or similar proposals which have been referred to the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation.

The bills would authorize the Secretary of the Interior to assist and cooperate with States in conserving, developing, and enhancing the anadromous fishery resources of the Nation. As you are aware, the measures now under consideration are broadened versions of legislation studies in the 87th Congress which referred to a development program for migratory fish in California alone.

Amendments suggested by the Secretary of the Interior in his report are acceptable to me.

The necessity for, and value of, Federal participation was made abundantly clear in my own congressional district last year. Pollution of the San Joaquin River became so bad due to the curtailment of water supplies that it was feared that the annual salmon spawning run would not occur. Fresh water was injected into the river