which she desired to prepare seriously for a future life. Throughout her existence a unity of purpose is singularly evinced. Worldly care until her worldly position is assured: spiritual care until her salvation by means of religion in a cloister is obtained. Gratitude to man who promoted her worldly interests: gratitude to God when man is no longer a necessity to her. Hope in divine mercy while troubles poured upon her: confidence in that mercy to the last. She never preached a doctrine she did not strive to practise, and we may safely assert that a careful study of her correspondence cannot but lead one to the conclusion that on Grimm's estimate of greatness, quoted at the outset of these pages, Madame de Maintenon's great virtue entitles her not only to be remembered by men,' but to be honoured by all who can appreciate how difficult it was in the days in which she lived to spend a virtuous existence in a Court where folly and vice had previously to her advent reigned supreme. The Regent Orleans paid her a just tribute when, hearing some courtiers speak against her, he rebuked them, declaring that she never did harm to a soul, and she always tried to keep peace and harmony among all.' ART. IV.-1. Directory of Girls' Societies, Clubs, and Unions. By S. A. CAULFEILD. London: 1886. 2. Sex in Mind and Education. 1874. By H. MAUDSLEY, M.D. 3. Sex in Education (A Reply). By ELIZABETH GARRETT ANDERSON, M.D. 1874. 4. Girton College Report, 1886. 1886. 5. An Account of the North London Collegiate School for Girls. By SOPHIE BRYANT, D.Sc. 1886. SEVEN EVENTY years ago, in the pages of this Review, Sydney Smith glanced with his usual good sense and sunshine of style at the controversy then opening between the friends and foes of the higher education of women. From that day to this the battle has waxed fiercer and more fierce. Campaign after campaign has been fought out. Famous leaders have won victories, and anon suffered defeat. Whole armies have seemed to be annihilated, but fresh battalions have taken their place, and the cry on either side has been 'No surrender.' But, on the whole, victory has beyond all doubt been on the side of the friends of progress. Things which, in the days of Hannah More, were solemnly affirmed to be unwomanly, indelicate, unseemly, and ruinous to the best interests of the fair sex, have been triumphantly achieved, without injury, it is said, to man, woman, or child. The gates of knowledge have been flung open wide, and the fair ideal of Tennyson's Princess' Pretty were the sight If our old halls could change their sex, and flaunt has been more than realised. Young and fair maidens have not only donned academic cap and gown, but achieved fame as poets, painters, and physicians, and shone in the list of wranglers, scientists, and logicians. Oh! how I wish, says Lilia, 'That I were some great princess, I would build, And I would teach them all that men are taught. The thing has now been done. The college has been built. The sweet girl-graduates' have stormed the very citadels of learning along the banks of Isis and of Cam, sacred hitherto to the male biped. They may be met with sauntering down The High,' or taking a constitutional on the Trumpington Road, elate, unabashed, and as graciously fair and womanly as ever.* 6 The wise and witty canon, were he now to 'revisit the 'glimpses of the moon,' would be lost in amazement at the mighty change which has been effected in the course of a single half-century. Much has been said,' he remarked, ' of the original difference between men and women, as if women were simply more quick, and men more judicious; women more remarkable for delicacy of association, men for stronger powers of intellect. Whereas, there is no 'difference between them but that which arises from dif * One only of the great universities, as yet, has fully opened its degrees to women, though signs are not wanting to show that ere long it will be so at both. Two women, the other day,' says Mrs. Fawcett, 'were a first class by themselves, in the modern language tripos, no men sharing the honour with them; but while second and third-class men were admitted to the honour of a degree, the women of the first class were excluded.' 'ference of circumstances.' For making this bold, and in those days unheard-of, assertion, he was at once fiercely assailed by many opponents of either sex. 'Jacobin' and "Revolutionist' were, as he tells us with unrivalled good temper, among the mildest epithets bestowed on him for his wild audacity in fighting what then seemed a hopeless battle; and it is now amusing enough to note how many of the hottest points of controversy have in our day been utterly swept from the field. Women, he went on to say, are excluded from the pursuit of all serious business; it is men, and men only, who are lawyers, physicians, clerksreverend or lay-or apothecaries; all these offices being 'sources of exertion which demand far more time than the 'production and suckling of children.' But what a change has since befallen us! In this year of grace, 1887, thousands of young women, educated, and of keen ability and business-like habits, are actually employed as Post-Office and Savings-Bank clerks, with profit to themselves and credit to the State.* Lady physicians, skilful and fully equipped with credentials, are within hail of all who need them. Doctors of philosophy and logic; bachelors of arts, science, music, and of law, if rarer, are still to be found in goodly numbers; while ere long there may be, in the new world, if not in the old, some fair dame who can claim the title of special pleader, or the yet higher dignity of Q.C. In America the progress is even more rapid and decided than in Europe. 'Women jurors in Washington territory are counted as more intelligent, clear-headed, and reliable than men. Forty-eight women are now practising in the United States as solicitors; four are now practising in New York as public notaries; three others-Drs. Susan Stackhouse, Clara Marshall, and Mary Willets-are members of the Clinical Board at Philadelphia, where also eight women, as physicians, are making yearly incomes of 20,000 dollars each; twelve of 10,000 dollars; and twenty-two of 5,000 dollars. In Holland, a large number of women are acting as pharmaceutical chemists. 'Nor is this all. Mrs. Frank Leslie, the only woman editor and manager of a publishing house, is called in America the "Mother of the Illustrated Press." 6 They make excellent Civil servants,' says Mr. Fawcett, and their salaries are only about one-third of what is paid to men for similar work. On a recent occasion, when 145 additional women were needed, there were 2,500 candidates for the vacant posts.' About 700 women are employed as clerks at the General Post Office; about 1,000 in the telegraph service, and several thousands in the various telephone offices; and 300 in Industrial Assurance offices. which, in the days of Hannah More, were solemnly affirmed to be unwomanly, indelicate, unseemly, and ruinous to the best interests of the fair sex, have been triumphantly achieved, without injury, it is said, to man, woman, or child. The gates of knowledge have been flung open wide, and the fair ideal of Tennyson's Princess' 'Pretty were the sight If our old halls could change their sex, and flaunt has been more than realised. Young and fair maidens have not only donned academic cap and gown, but achieved fame as poets, painters, and physicians, and shone in the list of wranglers, scientists, and logicians. Oh! how I wish, says Lilia, 'That I were some great princess, I would build, And I would teach them all that men are taught. The thing has now been done. The college has been built. The sweet girl-graduates' have stormed the very citadels of learning along the banks of Isis and of Cam, sacred hitherto to the male biped. They may be met with sauntering down 'The High,' or taking a constitutional on the Trumpington Road, elate, unabashed, and as graciously fair and womanly as ever.* The wise and witty canon, were he now to 'revisit the glimpses of the moon,' would be lost in amazement at the mighty change which has been effected in the course of a single half-century. Much has been said,' he remarked, ' of the original difference between men and women, as if women were simply more quick, and men more judicious; women more remarkable for delicacy of association, men for stronger powers of intellect. Whereas, there is no 'difference between them but that which arises from dif 6 6 One only of the great universities, as yet, has fully opened its degrees to women, though signs are not wanting to show that ere long it will be so at both. Two women, the other day,' says Mrs. Fawcett, 'were a first class by themselves, in the modern language tripos, no men sharing the honour with them; but while second and third-class men were admitted to the honour of a degree, the women of the first class were excluded.' ng experience, and both as if absolutely convinced of the uth of their own special views. Their line of argument, Lirly and briefly condensed, runs thus:— Dr. Maudsley dashes into the conflict by charging his opponents, in their excessive zeal for the higher education of women, with becoming not merely enthusiasts, but fanatics, and positively ignoring the fact that there are physical differences in the organisation of the two sexes. It is all very well, he says, to treat this difference as a mere affair of clothes; but the male organisation is one thing, and the female another. There are, too, special and peculiar demands on the strength of woman to which man is not liable, and which at times try her utmost resources. She is not then capable of further endurance without danger of utter exhaustion; and, if the mental training of men be planted on women, it cannot be done without positive injury to their general health and strength. Against this no special exceptions are a valid proof. Having laid down these premises, he widens the field of contention by boldly asking, 'Is it well for women to contend 'on equal terms with men for the goal of man's ambition?' a question which, as our readers see, lies at the root of the whole matter. In reply to it, the friends of progress say, 'Not only is it well, but supereminently good and necessary; whereas the learned doctor contends that, so far from being well, it is fatally evil. In support of this view, as we are free to admit, he makes many ingenious and sensible remarks, based on his own medical experience. He argues that the vital energies of women are at certain times so heavily taxed as to be incapable of further strain. Women, he says, are marked out by Nature for different offices and work in life from men; their success is improbable, if they venture on the same course and at the same pace with masculine rivals; there being sex in mind as distinctly as sex in body. His generalities are true enough, and patent. Most people, e.g., know that the brain is the highest organ of the body, and yet is affected by the ill condition of any other organ. Everybody, male or female, knows what it is to have a liver out of order, to grow gloomy, to indulge in savage tempers, thoughts of suicide, and despair. If the heart be out of order, idle fears and groundless apprehensions spring up and haunt one as a cloud, night and day, with-says Dr. Maudsley-a morbid condition of certain special organs, to which women are more liable than men. necessity of recognising sex in education. Hence arises the |