"they also are waivers of the rights of neutrality, and must be dis"cussed before the question of freight can be determined; but of 66 none of them can the Common Law Courts take cognizance. The question of freight must be determined by the same Court which "determines the principal question of prize; otherwise the Courts "of Common Law must be converted into Prize Courts. It may be "said that the freight may be adjudged in the Admiralty, and that 66 a proceeding may be instituted in a Common Law Court to enforce "that decree but it would be in vain for the Admiralty to adjudge "the question of prize, if they could not order the proceeds to be brought into their Court. If they could not give effect to ther own adjudication, they would have a power of adjudging that "which they could not execute, and the Common Law Courts would "have to execute that decree, the justice of which they could not examine; a species of judicature not only vexatious to the sub"ject, but also degrading to both the Courts. This jurisdiction 66 now claimed by the Admiralty was recognized by Lord Mansfeld "in Livingston and another v. M'Kenzie, at Nisi Prius in 1766. "The ship Margaret (a) was taken in the war before the last by a King's ship, but restored by the sentence of the Vice-Admiralty "Court in Jamaica; that sentence was confirmed on appeal here, "and the cause was remitted back to Jamaica. The captured, "however, brought an action here at Common Law, founded on the "sentence of reversal; but Lord Mansfield was of opinion that it (a) In 1762 this vessel, being the property of Livingston and Welsh of New York, sailed from thence with a cargo of lumber and provisions bound to Jamaica, where she delivered her cargo; and with the proceeds, amounting to 1,3007. in specie, she proceeded on a farther voyage to the Spanish settlement of Monti Christe, in the course of which she was taken by His Majesty's ship the "Defiance," commanded by Captain M'Kenzie. He took the specie out of the ship, and put a prize-master and mariners on board to conduct her to Jamaica; but before her arrival there she was captured by a French ship of war, and carried into Portau-Prince, where she was condemned to the French captors. Captain M'Kenzie soon afterwards instituted a suit in the Vice-Admiralty Court in Jamaica against the specie, which he either kept in his possession er had paid into the hands of his agent there. A claim was then set up by the master for the ship as the property of Livingston and Welsh, British subjects, residing at New York, and for the specie, as the property of the said owners and of him the claimant, also a British subject. On the 29th of October, 1762, after hearing the cause, the Judge of the ViceAdmiralty Court at Jamaica decreed the sum of 1,3007. in the possession of the captor to be restored to the claimant, and the ship and the rest of the effects on board at the time of the capture, or the full value, to be also restored to the claimant. From this decree Captain M'Kenzie appealed to the Lords Commissioners of Appeals in Prize Causes, who on the 1st of May, 1764, affirmed the sentence below, and decreed the cause to be remitted. About two years after this decree the action was brought here. 66 was not maintainable, as the question arose out of a prize cause, "and that the Courts of Admiralty ought to enforce their own "decrees; and he nonsuited the plaintiffs. In determining a "question of this kind, the situation of neutrals is also entitled to some consideration; they are brought into litigation, without any "misconduct on their parts, on account of hostilities between this " and some other country; and if they were subject to the vexation "and expense of instituting a fresh suit in a Common Law Court, "after having gone through all the proceedings in the Court of Admiralty, it would be an inducement to foreign Powers in time of 66 war to enter into armed neutralities." 66 APPENDIX VI. PAGE 309. Right to capture Enemy's Goods in Neutral Bottoms. Opinion of Lampredi. (From "Commercio dei Popoli Neutrali in tempo di Guerra." Trattato di Gio. M. Lampredi. In Firenze, 1788. Parte I. pp. 149-153.) แ "Del resto non avvi esecuzione di diritto perfetto che non rechi "molestia e danno a qualche individuo. Io alzo il mio edifizio, e "tolgo la luce al mio vicino; circondo di siepe un campo, e impe"disco il comodo passo ai confinanti proprietarj; vendo le mie grasce, e diminuisco il prezzo di quelle degli altri, perchè scemano "i compratori: intraprendo un genere di commercio, e diminuisco il guadagno di un terzo che era solo a farlo, ec.: ma per queste moles"tie che risente qualche individuo, l'esecuzione di quei diritti non "si potrebbe impedire, se non nel caso dell' estrema necessità, nella "collisione dei diritti, e con le cautele exposte di sopra. Anche il "diritto naturale dei Neutrali di seguitare con le Nazioni Belligeranti "il solito commercio reca pregiudizio alle medesime; molte Navi "Neutrali cariche di Merci Nemiche eviteranno la vigilanza degli Armatori, ma per questo quel diritto non è men giusto. แ "Questa riflessione mi fa strada a toglier di mezzo le sopra esposte contradizioni. Se è lecito, dicono alcuni, predar la roba del "nemico ovunque si trovi, ed anche sopra i Bastimenti pacifici, con "lesione evidente della libertà dei Neutrali, e ciò perchè il nemico "ha diritto di diminuir le forze dell' altro all' infinito, all' effetto "di disporlo alla pace, perchè non è lecito arrestare e impedire i "Neutrali, che portano alle spiagge nemiche Merci lor proprie? "Non traggono da queste i Nemici un rinforzo, che reca all' altra parte un danno irreparabile? Perchè è illecito il primo, e lecito il "secondo? Perchè la necessità della tua difesa ti permette di at"taccar la libertà ed indipendenza di quelle, che portano le Merci แ appartenenti ai nemici, e non ti permette di far lo stesso con i "Neutrali che portano le loro proprie Merci? Perchè, io rispondo, "il danno della preda cade quasi tutto sopra i Nemici, e quel poco "che cade sopra gli Amici e Neutrali si può, come si è veduto, "facilmente riparare, ma il danno che risentirebbero i Neutrali "dall' essere impediti di vendere come prima facevano le loro Merci "naturali e industriali alle Nazioni, che ora per accidente sono in "Guerra, caderebbe tutto sopra di loro, nè si potrebbe in alcun modo "riparare; che se riparar si potesse, io non dubito punto che il Guer"reggiante non avesse il diritto di arrestare tutte le Navi dei Neu"trali che recano Merci utili alla Nazione nemica, offerendosi per esempio di comprarle a contanti, e se si trattasse di permuta, esiben"dosi a somministrarla esso medesimo all' istesso prezzo, ed alle "medesime condizioni; ma siccome il primo esigerebbe una spesa enorme, che nessuna Nazione potrebbe sostenere, l'altro sarebbe "moralmente impossibile, giacchè una Nazione non può esser fornita "delle cose naturali ed industriali, che sono proprie dell' altra, così ne "viene che tra i due diritti perfetti, che si trovano in collisione, si permetta l' esercizio di quello che impedito arrecherebbe un danno, "che non è in modo alcuno riparabile. "Questa ragione fortissima, a cui non mi par che si possa dare nes"suna adequata risposta, mi ha persuaso una volta, e mi persuade ancora, che non avvi contradizione alcuna tra le due Legi delle Nazioni, "delle quali l'una permette la preda della roba nemica nei Bastimenti "dei Neutrali, l' altra permette ai Neutrali il trasporto e la vendita "della roba loro alle Nazioni nemiche; ambedue devono esser riguar"date come regole inviolabili per le Nazioni Belligeranti, e per i Popoli pacifici in tempo di guerra; ed ambedue son fondate in "ragione, perchè salvano ad un tempo medesimo e i Diritti dei Guer"reggianti, e quelli dei Neutrali, tra i quali se i Locatori dell' Opere e "delle Navi loro risentono qualche danno, debbono piuttosto che dei Guerreggianti dolersi dell' infortunio della Guerra, di cui gli effetti "dannosi e funesti sono risentiti più ò meno, non solamente da loro, ma ancora da tutte le altre Nazioni Commercianti, e particolarmente "da quelle che erano usate ad avere un commercio ordinario con "le Nazioni in Guerra." APPENDIX VII. PAGE 674. 27 & 28 Vict. cap. 23:-" An Act to repeal enactments relating "to naval prize of war and matters connected therewith or with "the discipline or management of the navy."-Passed 23rd June, 1864. 27 28 Vict. cap. 24:-" An Act to provide for the appointment, duties, and remuneration of agents for ships of war, and 66 "for the distribution of salvage, bounty, prize, and other money among the officers and crews thereof."-Passed 23rd June, 1864. "Be it enacted, &c. "Preliminary. "1. This Act may be cited as the Naval Agency and Distribu"tion Act, 1864. "2. In this Act "The term the Lords of the Admiralty' means the Lord High "Admiral of the United Kingdom, or the Commissioners for executing the office of Lord High Admiral: 66 "The term 'the High Court of Admiralty' means the High "Court of Admiralty of England: "The term 'ship of war' includes vessel of war: "The term officers and crew' includes all flag officers, com"manders, and other officers, engineers, seamen, marines, soldiers, "and others on board any of Her Majesty's ships of war. "3. Any ship or vessel belonging to Her Majesty, and in actual "service (other than a ship of war), may be declared by the Lords "of the Admiralty to be a ship of war for the purposes of this Act; " and all the provisions of this Act shall thereupon apply to such ship or vessel, and shall continue to so apply, as long as she then "continues in actual service, but no longer. 66 "Appointment of Ship's Agent. "4. Each of Her Majesty's ships of war shall at all times while "in commission have, for the purposes of this Act, an agent styled "the ship's agent, to be appointed in the first instance as soon as may be after the ship is put in commission, and afterwards from "time to time as a vacancy in the office or other occasion may "require. "5. The ship's agent shall be appointed from time to time at "pleasure by the commanding officer of the ship for the time being, "by an instrument signed and attested in the form given in the "schedule to this Act. "6. Any such instrument shall not have effect unless and until "it is filed in the registry of the High Court of Admiralty, having "been previously registered in the office of the Accountant-General "of the Navy. 66 "An official copy of any such instrument under the seal of the High Court of Admiralty shall be conclusive evidence thereof. "7. A person holding any office or employment in Her Majesty's "service or under the crown, or a proctor, attorney, or solicitor, "shall not be capable of being a ship's agent. "If any person being a ship's agent accepts any such office or "employment, or becomes a proctor, attorney, or solicitor, his appointment as ship's agent shall be thereby vacated. 66 "8. A partnership body, not incorporated, may be appointed a ship's agent; and in that case the partners for the time being, or any one or more of them, may act as the agent; and any change "of partners shall not affect the appointment. "The names of the partners shall at the time of appointment, "and from time to time on any change happening, be registered in "the office of the Accountant-General of the Navy, and in the registry of the High Court of Admiralty. 9. The appointment of the ship's agent shall not be affected by a change of the commanding officer of the ship. "10. The ship's agent shall at all times have an office or place "of business within five miles of the General Post Office, "London. "11. The ship's agent shall be subject to the jurisdiction and authority of the High Court of Admiralty as if he were an officer "of the Court, and in case of any neglect or misconduct on his แ part shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished "accordingly. 66 "Duties of Ship's Agents. "12. It shall be the duty of the ship's agent, by himself or by a proper sub-agent appointed and remunerated by him, to take or cause or procure to be taken all steps and proceedings, and do or cause or procure to be done all things, that may be necessary or proper to be taken or done for any purpose on behalf or in the name of the ship or of the officers and crew thereof, or any of "them, in the several cases following. 66 "In case of salvage services rendered to any ship or cargo, or "otherwise, within the meaning of the enactments for the time being "in force relating to merchant shipping: "In case of any breach of any law respecting national character "or otherwise relating to merchant shipping: "In case of any seizure for breach of any law relating to the "customs: "In case of any seizure or capture under any Act relating to the "abolition of the slave-trade: "In case of any matter arising out of an attack on or engage"ment with persons alleged to be pirates, afloat or on shore: "In case of any capture, re-capture, or destruction of any ship, "goods, or thing in time of war or hostilities: "In case of any special service or other matter in respect whereof any grant, reward, or remuneration is payable. "Distribution of Salvage, Bounty, Prize, and other Money. "13. Where in any of the several cases aforesaid any money is "distributable among the officers and crew of any of Her Majesty's ships of war, the costs, charges, and expenses of the officers and |