Of the females working as farm laborers, without wages, the Croatians show the largest proportion, their 36.1 per cent being followed by the 29.2 per cent of the Slovaks. No Lithuanians and no Swedes are here reported, and the Bohemians and Moravians have only 4.3 per cent and the North Italians but 4.8 per cent in this classification. Of those working for profit, each race, except the Croatian, Lithuanian, and Polish, shows the entire proportion to have been farmers. The Croatians and Poles show a few persons in other occupations, and the Lithuanians show the entire proportion to have been in other lines of work, none being reported as farming for profit.

The industrial condition and occupation before coming to the United States of the males in the households studied is next presented, by race of individual.

TABLE 18.—Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

TABLE 19-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

8

6

.0

36.4

36.4

27.3

4

1

11.5

69.2

15.4

3.8

351

199

3.9

40.2 35.7

20.2

Information was obtained in this investigation for 984 foreign-born males, of which 40.2 per cent worked for wages before coming to the United States, 35.7 per cent without wages, and 20.2 per cent for profit, while 3.9 per cent were without occupation. With the exception of the Slovaks, Japanese, and Croatians, each race shows a proportion working for wages abroad in excess of the general average for all males, the proportions ranging from 86.4 per cent of the North Italians to 40.3 per cent of the Poles. Of those reporting proportions below the average for all males, the Slovaks, with 36.4 per cent, are considerably in advance of the Japanese, with 17.6 per cent, and the Croatians, with 11.2 per cent. Of those working without wages the North Italians, with 9.1 per cent, show the smallest proportion, followed by the 15.1 per cent of the Bohemians and Moravians and 15.4 per cent of the Swedes. The Croatians, with 63.8 per cent working without wages, have the largest proportion, followed by the 38.5 per cent of the Irish, the 36.5 per cent of the Japanese, and the 36.4 per cent of the Slovaks. Of those who worked for profit abroad, the proportions of Swedes, North Italians, and Irish are low as compared with the proportions shown by the other races. The Japanese, with 32.4 per cent, and the Lithuanians, with 31.4 per cent, show the largest proportions working for profit. No North Italians, Lithuanians, or Slovaks were without occupation abroad, but the Japanese, Swedes, and Irish have considerable per cents so reported.

Of the foreign-born males who worked for wages abroad, more than one-third were farm laborers. The next largest number were in hand trades, and the next in occupations not specified. Only 2.8 per cent of all the males reporting, or 1 in 14 of those who worked for wages, were in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry before coming to the United States. The North Italians have the largest proportion so reported, their 13.6 per cent being followed by the 9.7 per cent of Bohemians and Moravians. Five races report none of their males previously employed in this industry. The Lithuanians were 42.9 per cent farm laborers for wages, and the North Italians have 31.8 per cent so reported. No Japanese and only 1.2 per cent of the Croatians worked on the farm for wages. The Irish show the greatest proportion of common laborers, the Swedes the greatest proportion in the hand trades, the Bohemians and Moravians in the factory operatives, and the North Italians the largest proportions in occupations not specified.

Almost all of the males who worked without wages were farm laborers, the proportion so employed being 34.5 per cent of all the persons reporting, while those in other occupations were 1.2 per cent of the whole.

The Croatians had 63.8 per cent of their males working as farm laborers without wages, in contrast with 36.5 per cent of the Japanese, who follow. Seventeen and six-tenths per cent of all the males here tabulated were engaged in farming for self, and 2.6 per cent were working for profit in other occupations than farming.

PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES.

The occupations abroad of the large numbers of employees now in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry are exhibited in the following tables, the first of which, with its chart, shows the returns from 20,687 males, and the second those from 644 females:

TABLE 20.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

TABLE 21.-Per cent of foreign-born female employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Out of 20,687 males reporting complete data 5.1 per cent only were engaged in slaughtering and meat packing before immigrating to the United States, 4.5 per cent were working at manufacturing, 58.4 per cent were farming or working as farm laborers, 16.7 per cent were general laborers, 8.5 per cent worked at hand trade, 1.7 per cent were engaged in trade, and 5.2 per cent followed other occupations. Of those who were engaged in slaughtering and meat packing the greatest proportions are shown by the Russian Hebrews with 26.8 per cent and the English with 21.7 per cent. Next in order come Germans, Bohemians and Moravians, and Magyars with 15.5, 14.7, and 10.1 per cent, respectively. None of the remaining races except the Scotch and Danish show as high as 5 per cent. The Scotch show a comparatively large proportion engaged in manufacturing. A greater proportion of all races except the English, North Italians, Russian Hebrews, and Scotch are shown to have been engaged in farming or farm labor than in any other specified line of employment. Over 10 per cent of all races except the Japanese, English, Norwegian, Russian Hebrew, and Scotch were general laborers, the highest figures being shown by the North and South Italians with, respectively, 37.9 per cent and 33.8 per cent thus engaged. The Danish, Russian Hebrews, Norwegian, and Scotch had comparatively large proportions engaged in the hand trades, each race showing at least 20 per cent. Of those who were in trade the highest per cent, 17.6, is shown by the Russian Hebrews. In contrast, no Bulgarians nor Italians. and less than 1 per cent of the Lithuanians, Poles, Slovaks, and Croatians were so engaged. Of those employed at occupations not specified the English, Scotch, and Norwegians are in the lead with over 20 per cent each, while the Slovenians, Slovaks, Servians, Roumanians, and Croatians each show less than 2 per cent.

Of the 644 females 0.5 per cent were engaged in slaughtering and meat packing, 1.9 per cent in manufacturing, 82.8 per cent in farming or farm labor, 8.5 per cent in domestic service, 5.1 per cent in sewing, embroidering, or lace making, 0.8 per cent in trades, and 0.5 per cent in occupations not specified. Between the two races reported, the Lithuanians and Poles, there is no striking contrast, each showing by far the greatest number of its females to have been engaged in farming and farm labor.

48296°-VOL 13-11-4