higher average of yearly earnings is reported for the native-born than for the foreign-born husbands.

Of the foreign-born, all husbands of each race, with the exception of the Bohemians and Moravians, have employment, the average yearly earnings for the foreign-born races ranging from $694 for the Irish to $521 for the Roumanians. Following the Irish are the Lithuanians, Bohemians and Moravians, Poles, and Germans, in the order named. The native whites, it will be noted, report average yearly earnings of $701.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head, the range in annual earnings of male heads of the families studied:

TABLE 279.-Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual.

The preceding table shows that of a total of 310 male heads the average earnings are $588 per year. The largest proportion, or 58.1 per cent, earn under $600, while none earn under $100 and 2.9 per cent earn $1,000 or over. While the native-born, as compared with the foreign-born, show a larger proportion earning under $200, they also show smaller proportions earning under the various other amounts and consequently a larger proportion earning $1,000 or over, 14.3 per cent as against 1.5 per cent. Of the foreign-born races, the Bohemian and Moravian and German are the only ones showing proportions earning under $200, and, with the Bohemians and Moravians and Germans, the Poles show a proportion earning under $400.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the approximate yearly earnings of all males in the households studied who were 18 years of age or over:

TABLE 280.- Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

for wages Average

and reporting

amount.

earnings. Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under $200. $400. $600. $1,000. $200. $400. $600. $1,000.

Of the 480 individuals reporting complete data, the average yearly earnings was $560. Only a slight difference occurs in the average earnings of the foreign-born and the native-born of foreign father. Of the foreign-born, the Irish show the largest average yearly earnings, $694, and the Japanese the lowest, $482, the other foreign-born races following the Irish in the order named: Lithuanian, Polish, Bohemian and Moravian, German, and Roumanian. Of the nativeborn of foreign father the Irish are first, with German and Bohemian and Moravian following in the order named.

It is seen that the per cent of native-born males receiving a yearly average wage of less than $200 is higher than of foreign-born. However, there is a larger per cent of foreign-born receiving under $400 per year than of native-born. A considerably higher per cent of the foreign-born receive under $600 than of native-born, while only 1 per cent of the foreign-born receive $1,000 or over, 9.2 per cent of the native-born receive this wage. Of the foreign-born none of the Poles, Lithuanians, and Japanese receive $1,000 or over, and only a small per cent, 1.5 and 1.6, respectively, of the Germans and Bohemians and Moravians receive this amount, while 11.1 per cent of the native-born of native father receive $1,000 or over. It is seen that there is only a slight difference in the per cent of Poles, Lithuanians, and Germans receiving under $600, while there is a much greater per cent of Japanese and a considerably less per cent of Bohemians and Moravians, and the native-born of native father is the only race reporting less than 50 per cent earning under $600.

None of the Poles, Lithuanians, and Japanese earn less than $200 per year, while 4.4 per cent of the native-born of native parents do. The Germans, with 31.8 per cent, report the largest number earning less than $400, and the Lithuanians with 2.6 per cent, the smallest. The Germans are followed in the order named by Japanese, Bohemians and Moravians, and Poles.

ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.

In the series of tabulations next presented the average amount and range of family income are set forth and an examination made of the several sources, especially those other than the earnings of heads. The first table submitted shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount.

TABLE 281.-Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The data presented in the above table show that 58.9 per cent of the families of this locality, for which information was secured, have a total yearly income of under $750, and that all but a very small percentage of the families have a total yearly income of under $1,500. A somewhat larger proportion of the foreign-born than of the nativeborn families have an income of under $750, but the proportion of families having an income of under $1,500 is larger for the native-born than for the foreign-born.

Of the several foreign-born races, the Poles have the largest proportion, the Lithuanians a slightly smaller proportion, and the Germans the smallest proportion of families with a yearly income of under $750. It will be noted that the races of recent immigration have a larger proportion of families having an income of under $750, and a slightly larger proportion of families having an income of under $1,500 than have the races of old immigration.

WIVES AT WORK.

The employment of the wives of the families outside the home at regular wages in its bearing upon contributions to the family support, is considered in the table below. It shows the number and per cent

of wives at work according to general nativity and race of head of family.

TABLE 282.-Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.

Not computed, owing to small number involved.

Of the 315 wives found in the 319 families studied in the above table, only 2, or a proportion of 0.6 per cent, are at work, the nativeborn and foreign-born each showing one.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF ALL FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the approximate yearly earnings of all females in the households studied who were 18 years of age or over and who were working for wages:

TABLE 283.-Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

Total foreign-born.

Irish.

Polish.

Foreign-born:

Bohemian and Moravian.

Irish.

Polish.

Grand total.

Total native-born of foreign father

Total native-born.

8224

(a)

1

3

(a)

$310

64

1

5

6214

717

6014

77

Of 40 females 18 years of age or over reporting complete data, the average yearly earnings were $342. It is seen that there is only a slight difference between the earnings of foreign-born and native-born of foreign father. The native-born Germans of foreign father are the only race reporting in sufficient number for comparison, and it is noted that their earnings are much less than the foreign-born or average native-born.

RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS.

The

The greatest contribution toward the family support by the immigrant housewives is derived from keeping boarders or lodgers. extent to which the keeping of boarders or lodgers is necessary and how far it is a racial characteristic is indicated by the following tables, which show, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family, the number and per cent of families in which the wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 284.-Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

a For the selection of families, see p. 413. Of the selected families, only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table.

This column includes 2 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."