followed by the Polish, German, and Lithuanian-the English, French, Japanese, and Scotch each showing less than 1 per cent and the Canadian other than French none. Considering the nativeborn of foreign father, it will be seen that the largest proportion of both males and females is shown by the Bohemian and Moravian, followed by the German and Polish, while the smallest proportions are shown by the Canadian other than French, and Scotch each showing no males and less than 1 per cent females. The native-born of native father, white, shows a larger proportion of males than does any foreign-born race except the Bohemian and Moravian, and a larger proportion of females than any other race, either native or foreign born, except the Bohemian and Moravian of both generations.

EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.

The following table and chart show the number and per cent of male employees of each race for whom information was secured: TABLE 263.-Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race.

CHAPTER II.

RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.

History of immigration-Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households-The present population of the community-Racial classification of employees at the present time-Methods of securing immigrant labor-[Text Tables 264 to 266 and General Tables 165 and 166].

HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION.

In 1887, when the packing industry was established in South Omaha, the first employees were foreign-born Irish. Most of these people had lived in the adjoining city of Omaha and as soon as the packing houses were opened in South Omaha they were given employment. During the first year of the industrial history of the community few persons of any other race were employed, but in 1889 the Germans appeared in large numbers and for two years the employees of the packing houses were either Irish, German, or native Americans. In 1890 the first Poles came into the community. They came principally from Chicago and Kansas City, where they had worked for the same companies with which they secured employment in South Omaha. They were mostly immigrants of at least five years' residence in the United States. At the time when the Poles first started coming to the city there was also a stream of Bohemian immigration, and this race formed a settlement in a part of the town that was distinct from the Polish settlement. They secured positions in the packing houses and worked amicably with the Poles, Irish, Germans, and native Americans. Until 1900 the races above enumerated were the only ones in the community. In that year Lithuanians, Ruthenians, and Croatians came to South Omaha, and because of the extension of the slaughtering and meat-packing industry they all secured employment. A small proportion of these immigrants had but recently arrived in the United States, but a majority had been in this country from five to ten years and had previously worked in the meat-packing establishments of Chicago and other cities.

During the past ten years, immigration to South Omaha has been without any distinctive racial characteristics. All of the principal southern and eastern European races have been represented among the immigrants who have sought work in the locality, and a few Japanese have also found employment in the packing houses.

PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS.

The following series of tables, showing the period of residence in the United States of employees of foreign birth and members of their households, throws a valuable light upon the racial movements to the community, but should only be taken as a guide to the history of immigration to South Omaha within recent years for the reason,

as already stated, that at the time of the establishment of South Omaha immigrants were received who had previously worked in Chicago and other cities. The following table shows per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race:

TABLE 264. Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

This table shows that of 2,996 males 43.2 per cent have been in the United States under five years, 17.6 per cent from five to nine years, 4.6 per cent from ten to fourteen years, 8.7 per cent from fifteen to nineteen years, and 25.9 per cent have been here twenty years or over. The greatest proportion of Roumanians, Servians, Magyars, Croatians, Russians, Japanese, and Poles have been in the United States less than five years, while the greater proportion of Irish, Swedes, Germans, and Danes have been here twenty years or over. No Japanese or Roumanians and but a very small proportion of Russians, Servians, or Croatians have been here twenty years or over. Of those who have been in the United States from five to nine years the Japanese are in the lead, with over 40 per cent, while neither the Germans nor the Roumanians show as high as 5 per cent. In the column specifying those who have been here between ten and fourteen years, there is no striking difference between the figures shown in the total average and that of any race, excepting no Magyars or Servians are here reported, but over 9 per cent of Lithuanians appear. The Danes lead among those whose period of residence is from fifteen to nineteen years, while no Japanese, Roumanians, or Servians are recorded as having been here during that period.

The table next presented shows the per cent of foreign-born persons in the households studied who had been in the United States each specified number of years, according to race of individual.