wages abroad. On the other hand, although in relation to the other races as high a proportion of Polish women were working without. wages, 21.3 per cent were also working both for wages and for profit, it being obvious that a much higher proportion of this race were employed than of the other two races.

The following table shows by race of individual the occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females, in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming:

TABLE 201.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign

born.]

The preceding table shows a large proportion were farm laborers working without wages. As regards the several races, it is worthy of note that 52.1 per cent of the Croatians, 41 per cent of the Germans, and only 19.1 per cent of the Poles were without occupation before emigration. A large proportion of each race were farmers or farm laborers, the Poles, however, being the only race showing any considerable proportion of its women who were regularly working in domestic service.

The table next presented shows by race of individual the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males, in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming:

TABLE 202.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

This table gives the data concerning the former occupations of 378 men of foreign birth and over 16 years of age.

It shows that nearly all had been employed before coming here, only a very small per cent stating that they had had no occupation. A considerable proportion-18.3 per cent-had been working for wages. A much larger proportion had been working without wagesthat is, presumably on farms or in their homes for their keepwhile 23.5 per cent were working for profit. Among the three races considered, the Polish had the highest proportion who were not employed, the Germans the highest proportion working for wages, the Croatians the highest percentage of those working without wages, and the Polish the highest percentage of those working for profit. The following table analyzes the general industrial groups of the table preceding.

TABLE 203.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The significant fact set forth by the preceding table is that none of the foreign-born employees who are at present employed in the meatpacking industry in Kansas City had any experience or training in the industry before coming to this country. By far the largest proportion, or 82 per cent of the total, were farmers or farm laborers abroad. The Poles show the largest proportion of farm laborers abroad working for wages, and as independent farmers, and the Croatians the highest percentage who were working on farms without wages. On the other hand, the Germans have the highest percentage of persons who were in hand trades before coming to the United States. Only a very small proportion of any race were factory operatives or unskilled laborers abroad.

48296°- -VOL 13-11-19

PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES.

In addition to that covering members of the households, an inquiry was made as to the principal occupations while abroad of foreignborn employees. The results of this study are set forth in the following table which shows by races the per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States.

TABLE 204.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

This table shows that out of 2,808 immigrants, 2.4 per cent were engaged in slaughtering and meat packing before coming to the United States; 3.4 per cent worked in manufacturing lines; 68.8 per cent were farmers or farm laborers; 14.1 per cent were general laborers; 5.6 per cent worked at hand trades; 1.7 per cent were engaged in trade, and 3.8 per cent followed other occupations. It will be noted that a very small proportion of any race were engaged in slaughtering and meat packing, or in manufacturing, the Germans with over 10 per cent in each of these industries showing the highest figure. On the other hand, by far the greatest proportion of each race excepting the Germans and Irish were engaged in farming or farm labor, about 80 per cent of Slovaks, Croatians, Poles, and Russians being so occupied, while the Slovenians and Greeks each show over 70 and 60 per cent, respectively. Fair proportions of all races were general laborers. Not many followed hand trades and fewer still were engaged in trade, no Russian or Slovaks and less than 1 per cent of Poles and Croatians being shown in the latter class.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

By way of contrast with the preceding tabulations the two tables next presented exhibit the economic status at the time of the investigation of the male and female members of the households in Kansas City. The first table submitted shows by general nativity and race. of individual the general occupation of females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over.

TABLE 205.-General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, are for all races.]

The above table shows that a considerably larger proportion of females of foreign birth than of those of native birth and native father are at home, and likewise a much larger proportion of those who were native-born of native father are at home as compared with those native-born of foreign father. None of the native-born of native father, and only 4 per cent of the total foreign-born, as contrasted with 15.2 per cent of the total native-born of foreign father, are employed in the slaughtering and meat packing industry. Moreover, only 1 per cent of the foreign-born, 9.8 per cent of the nativeborn of native father, and 27.3 per cent of the native-born of foreign father are engaged in other occupations. None of the native-born of native father or of the foreign-born, and only 3 per cent of the second generation are at school. The Polish and Croatian women show a greater tendency to remain at home than those native-born of native father or of German birth. The greatest tendency toward employment, either in slaughtering and meat packing, in domestic or other service, is displayed by the German women followed closely by the Poles, the latter race, however, having no women engaged in domestic service. The women native-born of native father, although they do not enter the slaughtering and meat-packing industry or go into domestic service, exhibit a greater percentage of their number employed in other work than of any foreign race engaged in slaughtering and meat packing, the tendency seeming to be for the

German and Polish women to enter the packing houses while the women of native birth and native father, as well as those native-born of foreign father, seek other employment.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In the following table the general occupation at the time of the investigation of males 16 years of age or over in the households studied in Kansas City is shown by general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 206.-General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The preceding table shows that of the total number of males of working age in the households studied 87.4 per cent were employed in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry. Of the foreignborn 90.8 per cent and of the native-born 71.7 per cent were in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry. The greatest tendency away from the slaughtering and meat-packnging industry, however, is displayed by the persons native-born of foreign father, of whom 40 per cent are engaged in other work, 5.7 per cent are at home, and 8.6 per cent are at school. The white persons of native birth and of native father, on the other hand, show only 8.8 per cent engaged in employment other than slaughtering and meat packing, 1.8 per cent at home, and 1.8 per cent at school. None of the persons of foreign birth are at school and only 1.4 per cent each of the Poles and Croatians are at home. Of the three races for which data are afforded the Germans show the greatest tendency to engage in other work than slaughtering and meat packing, 15 per cent of their number, as compared with 7.5 per cent of the Croatians, and 5.5 per cent of the Poles being engaged in outside occupations.