Of the native-born of foreign father, Germans, Irish, and Swedes show 100 per cent of those reporting who are able to read and write. Bohemians and Moravians have 99.3 per cent and Poles 98 per cent who can both read and write.

Of the foreign-born, English, Germans, and Swedes all show 100 per cent who are able to read and write, Bohemians and Moravians rank next, Irish following with a slightly greater proportion of males who can read and write than females. North Italians rank next highest in literacy, the per cent of females of this race who can read and write being higher than that of males; South Italians and Poles follow in the order named, while Slovaks show a larger proportion of illiterates than any of the races, only 70.9 per cent being able to read and write. It is of interest to note that the degree of literacy is much higher among the older immigrant races than the more recent immigrants.

The relation between the literacy of the immigrant labor supply and period of residence in this country is set forth in the following table, which shows the per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual.

TABLE 172.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read, and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

It

• Not computed, owing to small number involved.

appears from the percentages of the above table that there is a steady increase in the proportion of the total number of individuals who can read and who can both read and write with length of residence in the United States. This increase is reported not only for all individuals, but for the North Italians, South Italians, and Slovaks. A slightly larger proportion of the Poles who have been in the United States under 5 years than of those who have been here from 5 to 9 years can read and read and write; while of the Bohemians and Moravians, all who have been here from 5 to 9 years are able to read, as compared with 99.4 per cent of those who have been here 10 years or over.

A comparison is made in the table next presented of the degree of literacy of younger and older immigrants at time of arrival in the United States. It shows by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual the per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over in the households studied who read, and the per cent who read and write at the present time.

TABLE 173.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The above table shows that, of a total of 705 individuals, 97.9 per cent of those who were under 14 years of age, and 91.6 per cent of those who were 14 years of age or over, at time of coming to the United States, read some language, while the same proportion of those who were under 14 years of age, and 89.1 per cent of those who were 14 years of age or over, at time of coming to the United States, both read and write some language.

As regards the different races, it will be seen that, of those who were under 14 years of age at time of coming to the United States, each, except the South Italian and Slovak (which show 90 per cent and 66.7 per cent, respectively), shows 100 per cent who read, while of those who were 14 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States each race, except the English, German, and Swedish, shows a certain proportion who can not read the South Italian showing the largest and the Bohemian and Moravian the smallest. The same statement made as regards those who read applies to those who read and write, except that, of those who were 14 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States; the Poles show the largest proportion who can not read and write.

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

The table next submitted shows by general nativity and race the per cent of male employees in the Chicago packing houses who were 20 years of age or over and who were in each conjugal condition.

TABLE 174.-Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

In this locality 63.2 per cent of the male employees 20 years of age or over, for whom information was secured, are married, and only 2.8 per cent are widowed. The proportion of married employees is largest for the native-born of native father, negro, second largest for the foreignborn and larger for the native-born of native father, white, than for the native-born of foreign father. A larger proportion of the native-born of native father, both white and negro, than of either the native-born of foreign father or the foreign-born are widowed. Of the foreign-born the Germans have the largest, and the Lithuanians, Greeks, and Russians the smallest proportion of married individuals. The large proportions of widowed employees is reported for the English, Irish, Scotch, and Swedish in the order mentioned.

48296°-VOL 13-11-17

General nativity and race.

The following table analyzes further the data of the table preceding and shows the per cent of male employees in each conjugal condition according to age groups and general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 175.-Per cent of male employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Bohemian and Mora

624 34.6 60.7 4.6 444 25.7 68.0 6.3

103 51.5 48.5 .0 754 41.8 56.6 1.6 556 44.8 50.0 5.2

653 18.7 79.6 1.7 144 18.1 70.811.1 1,573.12.8 82.6 4.6 1, 140 23.5 68. 5 8.0 1,763 59.6 39.7 .7 4,000.34.7 64.0 1.3

355 45.4 54. 4 .3 731 31.7 67.7 .5 168 20.8 73.2 6.0

.3 5,328 18.3 79.7 2.0 3,126 6.8 84.2 9.014, 231 33.9 63.2 2.8

588 24.8 71.8 3.4 .3 1,000 22.473.8 3.8 .2 4,328 17.4 81.0 1.6

285 11.979.3 8.8 1,715 43.3 53.9 2.8 536 10.3 78.011.8 2.783 38.657.7 3.8 2,590 6.185.5 8.411, 448 32.8 64.6 2.6

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

Of the total male employees 20 to 29 years of age, 36.7 per cent are married; of those 30 to 44 years of age, 79.7 per cent; and of the group 45 years of age or over, 84.2 per cent. Similarly, each class of male employees, except the native negroes, shows the smallest proportion married in the 20 to 29 age group and the largest in the 45 years or over group. Moreover, of every class the greater proportion 20 to 29 years of age are single. Of the foreign races only the Bohemians and Moravians and Germans have the greater proportion of the group 20 to 29 years of age married. In every age group the Irish have the largest proportion of male employees single.

The per cent of persons in the households studied who were 20 years of age or over and who were in each conjugal condition is shown in the table next presented according to sex and general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 176.-Per cent of persons 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] MALE.

Of a total of 795 persons studied in the above table, it will be seen that 89.6 per cent are married, 8.9 per cent are single, and 1.5 per cent are widowed. The foreign-born shows a much larger proportion who are married than does the native-born of foreign father. Of the several races the German and North Italian show 100 per cent married, while the other races show a small proportion, which in no