TABLE 10.-Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and race-Continued.

Of a total of 26,169 persons reporting in the industry, 20.8 per cent have been in the United States twenty years or more, 13.2 per cent from ten to nineteen years, and 20 per cent from five to nine years. All others have been in this country less than five years, and the majority of them not more than two years. The fact, already stated, that immigrants from Great Britain and northern Europe, were the earliest to arrive, is here corroborated, the Danish, English, German, Irish, Scotch, and Swedish races reporting over 50 per cent of their people twenty years or more in the United States, the per cents next in rank being the 41.5 of the Norwegians, 34.1 of the Dutch, and 29.7 of the Bohemians and Moravians. The Canadians show a very large proportion here twenty years or more, the immigration of these people having extended over a long period. The Hebrews other than Russian are 24.4 per cent residents of at least twenty years' standing. Of the remaining races, each shows the greater proportion of its people here five to nine or less than five years, and conditions may be easily ascertained by referring to the tables. The Greeks, for example, reporting no persons here as much as twenty years, have 38.8 per cent only two years in this country, while the Japanese, also reporting not one of their race here twenty years ago, have 39 per cent who have been here from five to nine years. The Bulgarians report only 2.1 per cent twenty or more years in the United States, and 37.9 per cent have been here but one year, whereas the Slovaks, also reporting 2.1 per cent twenty or more years in this country, have their largest proportion, 31.9 per cent, in the five to nine year group. The Russian Hebrews have 7.8 per cent with a residence of at least twenty years, though the Russians other than Hebrew have only 1.9 per cent so reported. The former show greater percentages in each comparison from three to twenty or more years, and the latter have larger proportions who have come to this country within the past three years. The races with the smallest proportions in the United States only & year or two may be considered to have stopped immigrating direct to this industry. On the other hand, races with the highest per cents only a few months or a year in the United States-the Bulgarians, Russians, Roumanians, Servians, Greeks, South Italians, and Magyars-show a decided tendency to enter the packing houses soon after their arrival, an interesting conclusion in view of the fact that most of these people came directly from the peasant farming classes in their respective countries."

Comparatively few female employees report in this industry, so the figures for the males correspond closely to those for the totals, already discussed. The females, however, have come to the United States much more recently than the males. Only 5.3 per cent of the females have been in this country as much as twenty years, 10.5 per cent from ten to nineteen years, and 15.5 per cent from five to nine years, the remaining 68.6 per cent reporting a residence here of less than five years and 46.9 per cent a residence of not more than two years. The Irish, English, and Swedes, in the order named, show cent or more of their females at least twenty years in the United States. Several races report no women here as long as that, none of the Russians were here fifteen years ago, none of the Rouma

50

per

a See Table 9, pp. 20 and 21.

48226°-VOL 13-11-3

nians ten years ago, and none of the Russian Hebrews as little as three years ago. The Poles, with more than twice the number of females reported by any other race, show 50.8 per cent of them to have come over within the past two years. The Lithuanians, with the next largest number, report 54 per cent as here not more than two years. The household study for the industry as a whole, including as it does persons of all ages, gives results somewhat different from those of the study of employees.

The following table shows the per cent of foreign-born persons in the households studied who had been in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual:

TABLE 11.-Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The total, however, ís for all foreign-born.]

Of the 2,325 persons furnishing information for the foregoing table, 29.6 per cent have been in the United States less than five years. Roumanians, Japanese, South Italians, and Russians, show the largest proportions of this short period of residence, followed by the Croatians, Poles, Lithuanians, Magyars, Bohemians, and Moravians, English, North Italians, Slovaks, Germans, Swedes, and Irish, in the order named. In the next classification, showing the proportion of each race with a residence under ten years, all of the Roumanians, 98.7 per cent of the Japanese, 87.8 per cent of the South Italians, 79.9 per cent of the Croatians, 75 per cent of the Russians, and 72.4 per cent of the Magyars are found, together with a large percentage of the Poles, Lithuanians, North Italians, Slovaks, and Bohemians and Moravians. The Swedes, Irish, English, and Germans have the smallest proportions with a residence of less than ten years. All the Roumanians, Japanese, and South Italians, together with more than 85 per cent of the Croatians, Russians, Poles, and North Italians, have been in the United States less than twenty years. The Magyars show 17.2 per cent, Bohemians and Moravians 36.8 per cent, Germans 45.3 per cent, English 58.3 per cent, the Swedes 62.5 per cent, and the Irish 72.5 per cent, who have been in the United States twenty years or more.