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GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION.

Relative efficiency of races employed-Ownership of homes-Status of children in the households studied-Citizenship-Ability to speak English-[Text Tables 109 to 125 and General Tables 49 to 57].

RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF RACES EMPLOYED.

As regards the industrial efficiency of the various races and peoples employed in the industry, the companies find it impossible to make a very close distinction among members of races of recent immigration. The native white employees of native father, together with the Irish, Germans, and Swedes of the first and second generation are generally considered superior to all other employees. Considering all persons employed, the opinions of employers, so far as they can be harmonized, would divide the operating forces into three classes, upon the basis of general efficiency, as follows: First class, Americans, Irish, Germans, and German Bohemians; second class, Bohemians, Slovaks, Lithuanians, Magyars, Poles, and Croatians; third class, South Italians, Macedonians, Greeks, Turks, and Armenians.

OWNERSHIP OF HOMES.

The ownership of homes by families, the heads of which were foreign-born, may be considered as an indication of permanent settlement. The tendencies in this direction may be seen in the following table which shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the number and per cent of families studied who own their homes. TABLE 109.-Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race of head of family.

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a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

The foregoing table discloses the significant fact that 46.1 per cent of the total number of families whose heads were born abroad and only 17.3 per cent of the total number of families whose heads were nativeborn, and 19.1 per cent of those whose heads were native-born of native father, own their homes. Of the families whose heads were of foreign birth, the largest percentage of home ownership, or 66.7 per cent, is shown by the Lithuanians and the lowest, or 16 per cent, by the English. The Germans stand close to the Lithuanians in the proportion of families owning their homes, being followed by the Bohemians and Moravians, Irish, Poles, Croatians, Swedes, North Italians, and Slovaks. With the exception of the three last-named races and the English, all other races of foreign birth have more than two-fifths of the families owning their homes. Of the Swedes, 39.3 per cent, 25 per cent of the North Italians, and 18.5 per cent of the Slovaks own their homes. Of the 17 South Italian families studied only 2 have acquired homes.

The following table shows by locality and general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of families who own their homes:

TABLE 110.-Per cent of families owning home, by locality and by general nativity and

race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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Upon referring to the foregoing table it is seen that families living in South Omaha whose heads are of both native and foreign birth show the greatest tendency toward home ownership. About the same proportion of families in Chicago and Kansas City whose heads are of native birth own their homes, while a considerably larger proportion of immigrant families in Kansas City as compared with Chicago are owners of the homes in which they are living. In all localities the families with heads of foreign birth show a much higher percentage of home ownership than the families whose heads are native-born. Among the several immigrant races, the highest proportion of families owning their homes is shown by the 78.3 per cent of Germans in Kansas City. With this exception, the families of each race exhibit larger proportions in South Omaha owning their homes than in Chicago or Kansas City. The Poles who are shown in

all three localities have a higher percentage owning their homes in South Omaha than in Kansas City, and also a larger proportion owning homes in Kansas City than in Chicago.

STATUS OF CHILDREN IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The two tables which are next submitted exhibit the general status of children in the households of employees in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry and also afford a basis for studying the relative status of children of native and foreign birth. The first table which immediately follows, shows by sex and by general nativity and race of individual, the per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age in the households studied who were at home, at school, and at work.

TABLE 111.-Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more children reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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TABLE 111.-Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual-Continued.

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From a study of 1,076 children in the preceding table, it is seen that 84.4 per cent are at school; 10.1 per cent at home, and 5.5 per cent at work. The native-born of native father show a larger proportion than the native-born of foreign father, who in turn show a larger proportion than the foreign-born, at school, while the positions are reversed as regards to those who are at home. Over 5 per cent of both the native-born of foreign father and the foreign-born are at work as compared with 1.2 per cent of the native-born of native father. The native-born whose fathers are of each specified race, show a decidedly larger proportion at school than both at home and at work. The same general comparison applies to both the male and females

studied in this table.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of child, the number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age in the households studied who were at home, at school, and at work.

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