The following table shows the average rent paid per capita by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 67.—Average rent per month per person, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 10 or more households reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.]

In its bearing upon the standard of living the important feature of the foregoing table is found in the fact that for the industry as a whole as well as for all localities a higher rent payment per person is shown for the persons in households whose heads are native-born. By way of making the contrast more forcible it may be stated that the average rent for the native-born is 31 cents higher in Chicago than for the foreign-born, 76 cents higher in Kansas City, and 94 cents higher in South Omaha; or in the exact showing of the table the average rent per person in families in Chicago whose heads are native-born is $2.40 as compared with $2.09 in families whose heads are foreign-born, $2.09 for native-born in Kansas City as compared with an average of $1.33 for persons of foreign birth, and $2.19 in South Omaha for the former, as contrasted with $1.25 for the latter. This showing is of special significance when it is recalled that the table immediately preceding shows the average rent per room higher for the foreign-born, the conclusion being clear that although the households of foreign birth pay a higher average rent per room than the native-born, a large number of persons among the foreign-born occupy the rooms in order to reduce the per capita rent payment. In the case of the households whose heads are foreign-born, the lowest rent per person is shown by the Poles in Kansas City and the highest by the Germans in Chicago. Members of all races pay a higher rent per person in Chicago than in South Omaha. In general it may be said that the conclusion as to the rent payment per person being the true criterion as to the standard of living, as shown for the industry as a whole, is corroborated by the tables for the several localities.

The range in the monthly rent payments for apartments is set forth in the table following, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment.

TABLE 68.-Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table Includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all

The preceding table shows that of the total number of households paying rent and reporting the amount, 4 per cent pay under $5 a month, 36.5 per cent under $7.50, 62 per cent under $10, 89.4 per cent under $12.50, and 94.1 per cent under $15. Households the heads of which were foreign-born show a slightly higher per cent paying each specified monthly rental than is exhibited in the totals for all households reporting.

Households the heads of which were Slovaks show 13.6 per cent paying under $5 rent per month, as contrasted with no households. the heads of which were Germans or Irish paying under this amount. Bohemian and Moravian households show the highest per cent, and households the heads of which were Irish the lowest per cent, paying under $7.50 per month.

In the group paying under $10 rent per month, Bohemian and Moravian households show the largest proportions and the Irish the smallest. Households the heads of which were Slovaks show 100 per cent and those whose heads were Irish only 80 per cent paying under $12.50 rent per month. All the Polish and Slovak households, and over 90 per cent of the households the heads of which were Bohemians and Moravians, Croatians and Germans are paying under $15 rent per month. But the Irish only show 88 per cent paying under this amount.

The per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room is shown in the table next presented, by general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 69.-Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

It appears from the preceding table that only 0.3 per cent of the households for which information was secured pay rent at the rate of less than $1 per month per room, while 22.5 per cent of the households pay under $2, 80.8 per cent under $3, and 97.1 per cent under $4 per month per room. The proportion of households paying under $2 under $3, and under $4 per month per room, respectively, is larger for the native-born of native father than for the foreign-born. Of the foreign-born, the Bohemians and Moravians have by far the largest and the Slovaks and Croatians have the smallest proportion of households paying under $2 per month, and the Bohemians and Moravians, Irish and Germans, in the order mentioned, have the largest, and the Croatians and Slovaks the smallest, proportion of households paying under $3 per month.

The per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per capita is set forth, by general nativity and race of head of household, in the table next presented.

TABLE 70.-Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

The foregoing table shows that of the 573 households studied in thsi industry 8.4 per cent pay under $1 rent per month per person, 52.5 per cent under $2, 78.4 per cent under $3, and 91.4 per cent under $4. Households the heads of which were foreign-born show a slightly larger proportion paying each specified rent than is shown for all households. On the other hand, households the heads of which were white, native-born of native father, show a slightly smaller proportion paying under $1 and under $4, and a considerably smaller proportion paying under $2 and under $3, than is shown in the totals for all households.

Among those households the heads of which were foreign-born the Croatian, with 17 per cent, show a slightly larger proportion paying under $1 than do the Polish, which in turn show a slightly larger proportion than the Slovak or Bohemian and Moravian, and a considerably larger proportion than the German or Irish households. As regards those paying under $2 and under $3, the households the heads of which were Slovaks, with 81.8 per cent and 95.5 per cent, respectively, show the largest proportions. The households whose heads were German, with 47.8 per cent, report the smallest proportion paying under $2, while households the heads of which were Irish, with 68 per cent, show the smallest proportion paying under $3.

Al of the Slovak households, as compared with 89.1 per cent of those whose heads were German, pay under $4 rent per month per person, the proportions of households the heads of which are of other races paying this rent ranging from 98.1 per cent of the Croatian to 92 per cent of the Irish.

48296°-VOL 13-11- -8

BOARDERS AND LODGERS.

The necessity of wives keeping boarders or lodgers in order to supplement the earnings of heads has already been discussed. The extent of this practice and its effect upon living conditions are set forth in the series of tables next submitted. The first table, which immediately follows, shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 71.-Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

The table preceding discloses the fact that more than twice as large a proportion of foreign-born households as compared with native-born are keeping boarders or lodgers. Of the households of the several races, the greatest tendency toward having boarders or lodgers in the household is shown by the Croatians and Poles, followed by the Slovaks and North Italians. The Swedes have the smallest proportion of households in which boarders or lodgers are kept except the English, who have none, the Bohemians and Moravians, Irish, Lithuanians, and Germans being next lowest, in the order named.

The table next presented shows, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household, the per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers.