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tion, if any, should be enacted regarding them. The resolution also called for a report upon the extent to which practices of the chain stores had tended to monopoly or concentration of control, the existence of unfair methods, and agreements in restraint of trade. The factual data, submitted in 33 separate reports published as Senate documents under the general title Chain Stores, contained detailed statistical analyses of almost every phase of chain-store operation.

Subtitles of the chain store reports, their dates of issue, and the document numbers under which they were printed, are as follows:

Cooperative Grocery Chains, 199 Sales, Costs, and Profits of Retail pages, July 13, 1931, Senate Document Chains, 120 pages, April 22, 1933, SenNo. 12, Seventy-second Congress, first ate Document No. 40, Seventy-third session. Congress, first session.

Wholesale Business of Retail Chains, 38 pages, December 22, 1931, Senate Document No. 29, Seventy-second Congress, first session.

Sources of Chain-Store Merchandise, 76 pages, December 22, 1931, Senate Document No. 30, Seventy-second Congress, first session.

Scope of the Chain-Store Inquiry, 33 pages, December 22, 1931, Senate Document No. 31, Seventy-second Congress, first session.

Chain-Store Leaders and Loss Leaders, 57 pages, January 15, 1932, Senate Document No. 51, Seventy-second Congress, first session.

Cooperative Drug and Hardware Chains, 28 pages, April 18, 1932, Senate Document No. 82, Seventy-second Congress, first session.

Growth and Development of Chain Stores, 81 pages, June 11, 1932, Senate Document No. 100, Seventy-second Congress, first session.

Chain-Store Private Brands, 126 pages, September 26, 1932, Senate Document No. 142, Seventy-second Congress, second session.

Prices and Margins of Chain and Independent Distributors, Washington, D. C.-Grocery, 98 pages, May 15, 1933, Senate Document No. 62, Seventy-third Congress, first session.

Prices and Margins of Chain and Independent Distributors, Memphis-Grocery, 43 pages, June 8, 1933, Senate Document No. 69, Seventy-third Congress, first session.

Prices and Margins of Chain and Independent Distributors, Detroit-Grocery, 42 pages, June 22, 1933, Senate Document No. 81, Seventy-third Congress, second session.

Prices and Margins of Chain and Independent Distributors, Cincinnati— Grocery, 50 pages, November 12, 1933, Senate Document No. 88, Seventy-third Congress, second session.

Prices and Margins of Chain and Independent Distributors, CincinnatiDrug, 43 pages, December 30, 1933, Senate Document No. 95, Seventy-third Congress, second session.

Prices and Margins of Chain and Independent Distributors, Detroit-Drug, 51 pages, December 30, 1933, Senate Document No. 96, Seventy-third Congress, second session.

Short Weighing and Over Weighing in Chain and Independent Grocery Stores, 42 pages, December 15, 1932, Senate Document No. 153, Seventy-sec-dependent ond Congress, second session.

Sizes of Stores of Retail Chains, 50 pages, December 21, 1932, Senate Document No. 156, Seventy-second Congress, second session.

Quality of Canned Vegetables and Fruits (Under Brands of Manufacturers, Chains, and Other Distributors), 53 pages, January 13, 1933, Senate Document No. 170, Seventy-second Congress,

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Prices and Margins of Chain and InDistributors, MemphisDrug, 40 pages, December 30, 1933, Senate Document No. 97, Seventy-third Congress, second session.

Prices and Margins of Chain and Independent Distributors, Washington, D. C.-Drug, 40 pages, December 30, 1933, Senate Document No. 98, Seventythird Congress, second session.

15, 1933, Senate Document No. 82, SevChain-Store Wages, 116 pages, July enty-third Congress, second session.

Chain-Store Advertising, 89 pages, October 14, 1933, Senate Document No. 84, Seventy-third Congress, second ses

sion.

Chain-Store Price Policies, 146 pages, October 20, 1933, Senate Document No. 85, Seventy-third Congress, second session.

Special Discounts and Allowances to Service Features in Chain Stores, 67 Chain and Independent Distributors- pages, November 20, 1933, Senate DocTobacco Trade, 118 pages, October 26, ument No. 91, Seventy-third Congress, 1933, Senate Document No. 86, Seventy-second session. third Congress, second session.

Special Discounts and Allowances to Chain and Independent DistributorsGrocery Trade, 44 pages, November 14, 1933, Senate Document No. 89, Seventy-third Congress, second session.

Special Discounts and Allowances to Chain and Independent DistributorsDrug Trade, 98 pages, November 24, 1933, Senate Document No. 94, Seventythird Congress, second session.

The Chain Store in the Small Town, 112 pages, November 22, 1933, Senate Document No. 93, Seventy-third Congress, second session.

Miscellaneous Financial Results of Retail Chains, 93 pages, December 31, 1933, Senate Document No. 99, Seventythird Congress, second session.

State Distribution of Chain Stores, 1913-28, 55 pages, November 16, 1933, Senate Document No. 130, Seventythird Congress, second session.

Final Report on the Chain-Store InInvested Capital and Rates of Re- vestigation, 110 pages (out of print), turn of Retail Chains, 142 pages, Octo- | December 14, 1934, Senate Document ber 29, 1933, Senate Document No. 87, No. 4, Seventy-fourth Congress, first Seventy-third Congress, second session.session.

Coal, Anthracite. This investigation was conducted pursuant to Senate Resolution No. 217, Sixty-fourth Congress, first session, adopted June 22, 1916, and Senate Resolution No. 51, Sixty-fifth Congress, first session, adopted May 1, 1917. A rapid advance in the prices of anthracite at the mines, compared with costs, and the overcharging of anthracite jobbers and dealers, were disclosed in the inquiry in response to these resolutions. Current reports of operators' and retailers' selling prices were obtained, and this was believed to have substantially benefited the consumer. A preliminary report, Anthracite Coal Prices, was transmitted to Congress May 4, 1917, and printed as Senate Document No. 19, Sixty-fifth Congress, first session (4 pages, out of print); the general report and summary, entitled Anthracite and Bituminous Coal, was transmitted to Congress June 19, 1917 and printed as a Commission publication and as Senate Document No. 50, Sixty-fifth Congress, first session (420 pages, out of print), and the summary was submitted to Congress separately, entitled Anthracite and Bituminous Coal Situation, and printed as House Document No. 193, Sixty-fifth Congress, first session (29 pages, out of print). Coal, Anthracite. This inquiry was made on motion of the Commission, and dealt with premium prices of anthracite coal charged by certain mine operators and the premium prices and gross profits of wholesalers in the latter part of 1923 and early in 1924. The report discussed also the development of the anthracite combination and the results of the Government's efforts to dissolve it. The Report of the Federal Trade Commission on Premium Prices of Anthracite (97 pages), dated July 6, 1925, was transmitted to Congress and printed.

Coal, Bituminous.-An inquiry was made on motion of the Commission. The reports on investment and profit in soft-coal mining were prepared and transmitted to Congress in the belief that the information would be of timely value in consideration of pending legislation regarding the coal trade. The data cover the years 1916 to 1921, inclusive. Reports were issued in two parts, dated May 31, 1922, and July 6, 1922, but printed in one volume, entitled Investment and Profit in Soft Coal Mining. Part I. Summary and Conclusions; Part II. Explanatory and Statistical Material Supporting Part I (222 pages). Coal, Bituminous.-This inquiry was made pursuant to House Resolution No. 352, Sixty-fourth Congress, first session, adopted August 18, 1916. The resolution called for an investigation of the alleged depressed condition of the industry, but subsequent to its adoption there was a marked advance in coal prices, and the Commission, in a preliminary report, suggested various measures for insuring a more adequate supply at reasonable prices. This report, entitled Preliminary Report by the Federal Trade Commission on the Production and Distribution of Bituminous Coal, was printed as House Document No. 152, Sixty-fifth Congress, first session (8 pages, out of print).

Coal Reports-Cost of Production.-This inquiry was made at the direction of President Wilson. Before the passage of the Lever Act in August 1917, the Commission was called upon by the President to furnish information to be used by him in fixing coal prices under that act. On the basis of the informa

tion furnished the prices of coal were fixed by Executive order. The work of the Commission in determining the cost of production of coal was continued by obtaining monthly reports. This information was compiled for use of the United States Fuel Administration in continuing the control of prices. Detailed cost records were collected from January 1917, through December 1918, for about 99 percent of the anthracite tonnage production and for about 95 percent of the bituminous coal production. This information was summarized, after the war, in a series of reports for the principal coal producing States or regions, which were all dated June 30, 1919, and printed as follows: Cost Reports of the Federal Trade Commission-Coal. No. 1. Pennsylvania—Bituminous (103 pages). No. 2. Pennsylvania-Anthracite (145 pages, out of prints). No. 3. Illinois-Bituminous (127 pages). No. 4. Alabama, Tennessee, and Kentucky-Bituminous (210 pages). No. 5. Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan-Bituminous (288 pages). No. 6. Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia-Bituminous (268 pages). No. 7. Trans-Mississippi States-Bituminous (359 pages). (See also War-Time Cost Finding.)

Coal-Current Monthly Reports.--In December 1919, provided with a special appropriation by Congress, the Commission initiated a system of current monthly returns from the soft-coal industry somewhat similar to those required from coal-producing companies during the war. An injunction to prevent the Commission from calling for such reports (denied about 7 years later) led to their abandonment. Mimeographed reports of the results were published monthly regarding operations from January to June, inclusive, 1920, as follows: Bulletin No. 1 (January 1920 costs), April 20, 1920; Bulletin No. 2 (February 1920 costs), May 24, 1920; Bulletin No. 3 (March 1920 costs), June 25, 1920; Bulletin No. 4 (April 1920 costs), July 26, 1920; Bulletin No. 5 (May 1920 costs), August 25, 1920; Quarterly Report No. 1 (revised costsFirst Quarter of 1920), August 25, 1920; Quarterly Report No. 2 (revised costs-Second Quarter of 1920), December 6, 1920.

Coal-Retail Situation.-An inquiry was made on motion of the Commission into the retail coal situation in Washington, D. C., and a typewritten report was issued on August 11, 1917, entitled Washington, D. C., Retail Coal Situation (5 pages).

Commercial Bribery.-An inquiry made on motion of the Commission into the prevalence of bribery of employees of customers as a method of obtaining trade was described in a special report to Congress, dated May 15, 1918, entitled Special Report on Commercial Bribery, printed as House Document No. 1107, Sixtyfifth Congress, second session (3 pages, out of print). The report contained recommendations for legislation striking at this practice. On August 22, 1918, a letter from the Commission to Senator Duncan U. Fletcher of Florida, in the nature of a report, discussed this subject and was printed under the title Commercial Bribery, as Senate Document (unnumbered), Sixty-fifth Congress, second session (36 pages, out of print). On March 18, 1920, a brief report was transmitted to the Senate by the Commission, on its own motion, entitled Commercial Bribery, which was printed as Senate Document No. 258, Sixty-sixth Congress, second session (7 pages, out of print).

Cooperation in Foreign Countries.-This investigation was initiated on motion of the Commission. The subsequent report on this subject was the result of inquiries made by the Commission regarding the cooperative movement in 15 European countries. It contained recommendations for further developments of cooperation in the United States. The report, dated December 2, 1924, was entitled Cooperation in Foreign Countries (202 pages, out of print), and was printed as a Senate Document.

Cooperative Marketing. This inquiry was made pursuant to Senate Resolution No. 34, Sixty-ninth Congress, special session, adopted March 17, 1925. It covered the development of the cooperative movement in the United States and illegal interferences with the formation and operation of cooperatives. The report included also a study of comparative costs, prices, and marketing practices as between cooperative marketing organizations and other types of marketers and distributors handling farm products. Entitled Cooperative Marketing, the report was transmitted to the Senate April 30, 1938, and printed as Senate Document No. 95, Seventieth Congress, first session (721 pages, out of print).

Copper. This inquiry was a part of the war-time work done at the direction of President Wilson. One of the first products for which the Government established a definite maximum price during the World War was copper. The information upon which the price was fixed was primarily the cost findings of the Federal Trade Commission, and a summary of this cost information was printed

in a report entitled Cost Reports of the Federal Trade Commission-Copper (26 pages), issued June 30, 1919. (See also War-time Cost Finding.)

Cost of Living.-At the outbreak of the World War, the rapid rise of prices led the Commission, at the direction of President Wilson, to call a conference on April 30, 1917, to which official delegates of the various States were invited. The proceedings, entitled The High Cost of Living, were subsequently printed (119 pages, out of print).

Cost of Living. This inquiry was made upon the request of President Roosevelt as contained in a published letter dated November 16, 1937, and a confidential report was submitted to him a few months thereafter. (See p. 31.) A resolution of the Commission, concerning its undertaking of the investigation, was issued November 20, 1937.

Cotton Merchandising.—This inquiry was made pursuant to Senate Resolution No. 252, Sixty-eighth Congress, first session, adopted June 7, 1924. Abuses in handling consigned cotton were discussed in the report on this inquiry, and a number of recommendations designed to correct or alleviate existing conditions made. The report, entitled Cotton Merchandising Practices, was transmitted to the Senate January 20, 1925, and printed as Senate Document No. 194, Sixtyeighth Congress, second session (88 pages).

Cottonseed Industry.-An inquiry was made pursuant to House Resolution No. 439, Sixty-ninth Congress, second session, adopted March 2, 1927. Alleged fixing of prices paid for cottonseed led to this investigation. The Commission found considerable evidence of cooperation among the State associations, but the evidence as a whole did not indicate that prices had been fixed in violation of the antitrust laws by those engaged in crushing or refining cottonseed. One of the main causes of dissatisfaction to both the producer of cottonseed and those engaged in its purchase and manufacture was found to be a lack of a uniform system of grading.

The report, entitled Cottonseed Industry, was transmitted to the House March 5, 1928, and printed as House Document No. 193, Seventieth Congress, first session (37 pages).

Cottonseed Industry. An inquiry was made pursuant to Senate Resolution No. 136, Seventy-first Congress, first session, adopted October 21, 1929, and Senate Resolution 147, Seventy-first Congress, first session, adopted November 2, 1929. These resolutions instructed the Commission to investigate practices of corporations operating cottonseed-oil mills to determine the existence of unlawful combinations seeking to lower and fix prices of cottonseed, and seeking to sell cottonseed meal at a fixed price under boycott threat. The Commission was also directed to determine whether such corporations were acquiring control of cotton gins for the purpose of destroying competitive markets as well as for depressing or controlling prices paid to seed producers. The final report (206 pages) was transmitted to the Senate on May 19, 1933. This report and twelve volumes covering hearings during the course of the investigation were printed as Senate Document No. 209, Seventy-first Congress, second session, under the general title, Investigation of Cottonseed Industry.

Cotton Trade.-An inquiry was made pursuant to Senate Resolution No. 262, Sixty-seventh Congress, second session, adopted March 29, 1922. A preliminary report discussed especially the causes of the decline in cotton prices in 1922. A report entitled Cotton Trade-A Preliminary Report (28 pages, out of print) was transmitted February 26, 1923. (See next paragraph.)

Cotton Trade.-An inquiry was made pursuant to Senate Resolution No. 429, Sixty-seventh Congress, fourth session, adopted January 31, 1923. The inquiry in response to this second resolution on the cotton trade was combined with the one mentioned above and resulted in a report which was sent to the Senate in April 1924. This report recommended that Congress enact legislation providing for some form of southern warehouse delivery on New York contracts, and as a part of such a delivery system the adoption of a future contract which would require that not more than three adjacent or contiguous grades should be delivered on any single contract. The Commission also recommended a revision of the system of making quotations and differences at the various spot markets and the abolition of deliveries on futures at New York. The special warehouse committee of the New York Cotton Exchange, on June 28, 1924, adopted the recommendations of the Commission with reference to the southern delivery on New York contracts, including the contiguous grade contract. A report entitled The Cotton Trade, printed in two volumes, contained, respectively, the report and the transcript of hearings. It was transmitted to the Senate April 28, 1924, and printed as Senate Document No. 100, Sixty-eighth Congress, first session (510 pages, out of print).

Du Pont Investments.-This inquiry was made on motion of the Commission of July 29, 1927. The reported acquisitions of E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., of the stock of the United States Steel Corporation, together with previously reported holdings in General Motors Corporation, caused an inquiry into these relations with a view to ascertaining the facts and their probable economic consequences. The report, entitled Report of the Federal Trade Commission on Du Pont Investments, was mimeographed (43 pages), together with views of Commissioner William E. Humphrey on the resolution and on the report (3 pages). Electric and Gas Utilities.-See Electric Power, Interstate Power Transmission, and Utility Corporations.

Electric Power. This inquiry, made pursuant to Senate Resolution No. 329, Sixty-eighth Congress, second session, adopted February 9, 1925, resulted in two reports on the control of the electric-power industry. The first dealt with the organization, control, and ownership of commercial electric-power companies, and showed, incidentally, the dangerous degree to which pyramiding had been practiced in superposing a series of holding companies over the underlying operating companies. The second report related to the supply of electrical equipment and competitive conditions existing in the industry. The dominating position of the General Electric Co. in the field of electric equipment was clearly brought out. These reports, entitled Electric Power Industry-Control of Power Companies (272 pages), printed as Senate Document No. 213, Sixty-ninth Congress, second session (out of print), and Supply of Electrical Equipment and Competitive Conditions (282 pages), printed as Senate Document No. 46, Seventieth Congress, first session, were transmitted to the Senate February 21, 1927, and January 12, 1928, respectively. (See also Interstate Power Transmission and Utility Corporations.)

Farm Implements.-This inquiry was made pursuant to Senate Resolution No. 223, Sixty-fifth Congress, second session, adopted May 13, 1918. The high prices of farm implements and machinery led to this inquiry, which disclosed that there were numerous trade combinations to advance prices and that the consent decree for the dissolution of the International Harvester Co. was inadequate. The Commission recommended a revision of the decree and the Department of Justice proceeded against the company to that end. The report, entitled Report of the Federal Trade Commission on the Causes of High Prices of Farm Implements (713 pages, out of print), was transmitted to the Senate May 4, 1920.

Farm Implements and Machinery.—See Agricultural Implements and Machinery, and Independent Harvester.

Farm Products.-See Agricultural Income.

Feeds. This inquiry was made pursuant to Senate Resolution No. 140, Sixtysixth Congress, first session, adopted July 31, 1919. Its purpose was to discover whether there were any combinations or restraints of trade in that business; and, though it disclosed some association activities in restraint of trade, it found no important violation of the antitrust laws. Certain minor abuses in the trade were eliminated. The Report of the Federal Trade Commission on Commercial Feeds (206 pages), was transmitted to the Senate March 29, 1921, and printed. Fertilizer. An inquiry was made pursuant to Senate Resolution No. 487, Sixtysecond Congress, third session, adopted March 1, 1913. Begun by the Commissioner of Corporations, the investigation disclosed the extensive use of bogus independent fertilizer companies for purposes of competition, but through conferences with the principal manufacturers agreements were reached for the abolition of such unfair competition. A report, entitled Fertilizer Industry (269 pages) was transmitted by the Federal Trade Commission to the Senate August 19, 1916, and printed as Senate Document No. 551, Sixty-fourth Congress, first session.

Fertilizer. An inquiry made pursuant to Senate Resolution No. 307, Sixtyseventh Congress, second session, adopted June 17, 1922, developed that active competition generally prevailed in the fertilizer industry in this country, though in certain foreign countries combinations controlled some of the most important raw materials. The Commission recommended constructive legislation to improve agricultural credits and more extended cooperative action in the purchase of fertilizer by farmers. The report, entitled Fertilizer Industry (87 pages), was transmitted to the Senate March 3, 1923. and printed as Senate Document No. 347, Sixty-seventh Congress, fourth session.

Flags. This inquiry, made pursuant to Senate Resolution No. 35, Sixty-fifth Congress, first session, adopted April 16. 1917, resulted from unprecedented increases in the prices of American flags due to the war-time demand. A report entitled Prices of American Flags, printed as Senate Document No. 82, Sixty

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