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CHAPTER VI.

SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.

Literacy-Conjugal condition-Visits abroad-Age classification of employees and members of their households-[Text Tables 63 to 74 and General Tables 39 to 48].

LITERACY.

As regards the literacy of employees in the leather industry and members of their households, the series of tabulations which follows not only sets forth the degree of literacy which prevails among them at the present time, but also indicates the elements of progress evidenced by the foreign-born after their arrival in this country. The first table presented, which immediately follows, shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the percentage of employees who were able to read and the percentage who were able to both read and write.

TABLE 63.-Per cent of employees who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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Information was obtained in this industry for 12, which number 90.9 per cent read and 88.7 per ce write. The males report 90.6 and the females 94.9 read, while 88.5 per cent of the males and 91.3 per c can both read and write. It will be noted that a s of males and females among the foreign-born can bo than can read only. Both males and females amon of foreign father show only a slightly smaller pro read and write than who can read only. The na of native father show a slightly smaller proportion read and write than who can read only, whereas all read and write.

Among the foreign-born males who read only, the by the Irish, Germans, Slovenians, Russian Hebre Greeks, show proportions in excess of the figures sl for all foreign-born males. The Slovaks, Lithua Poles, Russians, North Italians, and South Italia tions below that shown in the total for all foreign proportions of these races ranging from 84.3 per cen to 69.8 per cent of the South Italians. Considering t be noted that all Germans, Irish, and North Italians, of the Slovenians can read; the proportion of Slover to read only being in excess of that shown by the Po and Croatians. On the other hand, the Magyars, w show a considerably larger proportion than the R larger proportion than the South Italians, who in tu much larger proportion with ability to read only tha the small proportion of Greek females with this abili ing contrast with the proportions of females of oth paring the males who can both read and write, it wi with the exception of the Lithuanians, who show a m portion, each race reports only a slightly smaller pro who can both read and write than who can read only. tion of the Slovenians, Russians, Magyars, Poles, a each race shows a proportion of females with ability t write identical with the proportion able to read only. native-born of foreign father, it will be noted that, wi of a small proportion of Irish, who are unable to both there is no illiteracy among the females, while among race shows a small proportion unable to read or to re

The table next presented shows, by sex and gene race of individual, the percentage of persons in the ho 10 years of age or over who could read and percentage and write.

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TABLE 64.—Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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The preceding table shows that of 1,525 persons 10 years of age or over, 62.2 per cent can read and 59.4 per cent can read and write. Of the males, 51.3 per cent can read and 50.1 per cent can both read and write. Of the females, 85.2 per cent can read and 78.9 per cent can read and write. The persons who are native whites born of native father show a higher percentage of literates than persons who are native-born of foreign father and a considerably higher percentage who can read and write than persons of foreign birth. Among the persons who are native whites born of native father, 100 per cent of the males and 99 per cent of the females can read and write; among persons who are native-born of foreign father, 99.3 per cent of the males and 98.4 per cent of the females can read and write; of persons who are foreign-born, only 38.7 per cent of the males can read and 37.2 per cent can both read and write; of the females of foreign birth, 73.6 per cent can read and 61.9 per cent can read and write. Among the persons who are native-born of foreign father, all of the Germans can read and write. While a somewhat smaller proportion of the Irish have this ability, it is noticeable that a slightly higher percentage of the females than of the males of that race can read and write. Among the persons of foreign birth the Germans show the greatest degree of literacy, 100 per cent being able to read and a somewhat smaller percentage being able to both read and write. The Irish and the Slovaks show a considerably smaller proportion than the Germans who can read and write, while the proportion of the South Italians and the Poles having this ability is considerably lower than that of the two races last named. The Turks show only 4.3 per cent of persons who can read and write. The Germans, South Italians, Poles, and Slovaks show a smaller percentage of females than of males who can read and write, while the proportion

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of Irish females who can read and write is larger th A higher percentage of the Polish males can read t and write, and a higher percentage of the German, and Polish females can read than can both read and The relation between literacy and period of country is set forth in the following table, which to years in the United States and race of individus of foreign-born persons 10 years or over who read an read and write:

TABLE 65.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or cent who read and write, by years in the United States and ra

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United S only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is fo

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The preceding table shows that among 1,084 fore 10 years of age or over for whom information was cent of those who have been in the United States 76.1 per cent of those with a residence of from fi and 80.1 per cent of those who have been in this co or over, can read. In each period of residence a so percentage can both read and write than is shown in t period for those who can read. The Germans sho of those who have been in the United States from fi who can read and write and 100 per cent with a years or over who can read and 98.1 per cent who ca write. The Irish show 100 per cent of those with a re five years and from five to nine years and 87.9 per ce have been in the United States ten years or over who ca The South Italians and the Poles show a greater deg in each period of residence than either the Germans, I a higher per cent of South Italians who have been under five and from five to nine years being able read and write than those who have been in the Ur years or over. Of the Slovaks with a residence of te 100 per cent can read and write, over 90 per cent of been in the country from five to nine years can read only about 75 per cent with a residence of under five ability. The Turks show the greatest illiteracy, only

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those who have been in the United States under five years and 7.1 per cent of those with a residence of from five to nine years being able to read and write.

The table next submitted is of interest as comparing the progress of immigrants with respect to age at time of coming to the United States. It shows the percentage of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read, and the percentage who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual:

TABLE 66.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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Information was obtained in this industry for 1,084 foreign-born persons. Of those who were under 14 years of age at time of coming to the United States, 96.6 per cent read and 95.4 per cent both read and write, while of those who were 14 years of age or over at time of coming, only 42.9 per cent can read and only 38.7 per cent can both read and write. Eliminating the Turks, and with the exception of the Poles, each race reports 100 per cent of those who were under 14 years of age at time of coming as being able to read and both read and write, the proportion of Poles who are not able to read and to read and write being very small in each instance. Among those 14 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, it will be noted that all the Germans can read and 97.7 per cent can both read and write. The Turks, on the other hand, show an extremely low proportion, or 4.3 per cent, who can read and both read and write. Following the Germans are the Irish, who report a slightly larger proportion than the Slovaks, and a considerably larger proportion than the Poles or South Italians who can read. Of those who can both read and write, it will be noted that the proportion of South Italians is in excess of that of the Poles. With this exception, the relative position of the races who both read and write remains the same as for those who read only.

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