Poles, Armenians, and Greeks, in the order mentioned, have the largest, and the South Italians and French Canadians the smallest proportion of individuals otherwise employed.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF FEMALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation of females 16 years of age or over in the households studied:

TABLE 199.-General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The above table shows that of all the females in this locality 16 years of age or over for whom information was secured, 65.8 per cent are at home, 22.7 per cent are employed in manufacturing shoes, 9.4 per cent are in employments not specified, and only a very small proportion are at school or in domestic or personal service. The proportion of females reported at home is largest for the foreign-born, second largest for the native-born of native father, and smallest for the native-born of foreign father, and the proportion in employments not specified is largest for the foreign-born, second largest for the native-born of foreign father, and smallest for the native-born of native father, while 50 per cent of the native-born of foreign father, as against 20 per cent of the native-born of native father, and 18.8 per cent of the foreign-born are employed in manufacturing shoes. Among the foreign-born, the Hebrews, Poles, and French Canadians, in the order mentioned, have the largest, and the Lithuanians the smallest proportion of individuals employed in manufacturing shoes, and the South Italians and French Canadians have the largest and the Poles and Hebrews the smallest proportion of individuals at home.

COMPARISON OF OCCUPATIONS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND GENERATIONS.

The table next submitted shows, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual, the per cent of males 16 years of age and over engaged in the manufacture of shoes.

TABLE 200.-Per cent of males 16 years of age or over engaged in the manufacture of shoes, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males born in the United States and also 20 or more born abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]

The preceding table shows that approximately the same proportion of those born in the United States, whose fathers are native-born, white, and those born abroad, whose fathers are French Canadian, are engaged in the manufacture of shoes, a slightly smaller proportion of those born in the United States of French Canadian fathers being so engaged.

OCCUPATIONS ENTERED IN THE INDUSTRY.

The two tables which follow exhibit the distribution of the several races and nativity groups in two representative boot and shoe manufacturing establishments of Community B:

TABLE 201.-Number of employees in each specified occupation, by race of individual.

TABLE 202.-Number of employees in each specified department, by race of individual.

The extent to which the heads of families studied in this community were regularly employed, together with their average annual earnings, is set forth in the table next presented. This table shows, by general nativity and race, the proportion of husbands in the households studied who are at work."

TABLE 203.—Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.

In this locality, of the husbands for whom information was secured, all of the Lithuanians and Poles, and a slightly larger proportion of the South Italians than of the Hebrews or French Canadians are at work. The average earnings of husbands at work are considerably larger for the native-born of native father than for the foreign-born. Among the foreign-born, the French Canadian, Armenian, and North

individual.

General nativity and race of Number Average

Italian husbands, in the order mentioned, have the largest and the Lithuanian and South Italian husbands the smallest average earnings. The range in the yearly earnings of male heads of families studied is shown in the following table, by general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 204.-Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 525.]

earning. earnings.

The preceding table shows the average earnings per year of 205 male heads of families to be $487. Of the total number reporting, 1 per cent earn under $100, 5.4 per cent earn under $200, 41.5 per cent earn under $400, 71.7 per cent earn under $600, 90.7 per cent earn under $800, and 97.1 per cent earn under $1,000 per year. The foreign-born heads of families show a slightly higher percentage earning each specified amount except that under $200 than is shown in the totals for all male heads of families reporting. The Hebrew heads of families show 4.2 per cent earning under $100 per year as contrasted with no heads of families of other specified races earning under this amount. The South Italian heads of families show the highest percentage earning under $200, followed by the Hebrew and French Canadian heads of families, in the order named, and in much smaller proportions. The Lithuanian heads of families show the highest per cent earning under $400 and under $600 and the French Canadian heads of families the lowest percentage earning under each of these amounts. The Hebrew and Lithuanian heads of families show 100 per cent, the South Italian and Polish heads of families over 95 per cent, and the French Canadian heads of families over 85 per cent earning under $800 per year. The Polish, Lithuanian, and Hebrew heads of families show 100 per cent, the South Italian heads of families 96.4 per cent, and the French Canadian heads of families 93.6 per cent earning under $1,000 per year.

Under

$1,000.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the yearly earnings of males in the households studied who are 18 years of age or over and who are working for wages:

TABLE 205.— Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

The yearly earnings of males 18 years of age or over for whom information was secured average $420. A considerably larger figure is reported for the native-born of native father than for the foreignborn, while a slightly larger figure is reported for the latter than for the native-born of foreign father. Of the foreign-born the French Canadians, Hebrews, and North Italians, in the order mentioned, have the largest, and the Greeks and South Italians have the smallest average yearly earnings. The proportion of males earning under $200 and under $400 per year, respectively, is largest for the Greeks, while the proportion of individuals earning under $600 yearly is largest for the Poles, followed by the Lithuanians, and South Italians in the order mentioned.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The contributions to the family income of the females 18 years of age or over in the households studied may be seen from the table next presented. This table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the number of females 18 years of age or over working for wages and the average wages earned.