which are native whites born of native father following in the order mentioned. The households whose heads are native whites born of native father report the highest percentage having 4 or more persons per sleeping room, followed in the order named by households whose heads are foreign-born and the households whose heads are nativeborn of foreign father. The households whose heads are foreign-born show less than 1 per cent having 5 or more or 6 or more persons per sleeping room, as contrasted with no households the heads of which are native whites born of native father or native-born of foreign father. The households whose heads are Poles show the highest percentage having 2 or more persons per sleeping room and the households whose heads are South Italians and Greeks the highest percentage having 3 or more persons per sleeping room. The households whose heads are Greeks show the highest percentage having 4 or more persons per sleeping room, and households whose heads are South Italians the highest percentage having 5 or more or 6 or more persons per sleeping room. No households the heads of which are Armenians, French Canadians, Irish, English, or Lithuanians have as many as 4 persons per sleeping room, and no households whose heads are Greeks or Poles have as many as 5 persons per sleeping room. No households the heads of which are Hebrews show 6 or more persons per sleeping room. The effect of congestion within the household upon sleeping and living arrangements is indicated by the following table, which is the last of the series. This table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the number and percentage of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms: TABLE 163.-Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. The preceding table shows that the average number of rooms per household is 4.97. The average number of sleeping rooms per household is 2.52. The households whose heads are native-born of foreign father show a higher average number of rooms than either the heads of which are native whites born of native father or households whose heads are foreign-born. The households whose heads are nativeborn of foreign father also show the highest average number of sleeping rooms. The households whose heads are Irish show the highest average number of rooms and sleeping rooms per household, and those whose heads are Greeks a lower average number of rooms and sleeping rooms than any of the households whose heads are of the different specified races. Of the 463 households studied 1.1 per cent use all rooms to sleep in, 21 per cent sleep in all except 1 room, and 31.1 per cent sleep in all except 2 rooms. The households the heads of which are foreign-born show the highest percentage using all rooms, and all except 1 room, to sleep in, followed in the latter classification by households the heads of which are native-born of foreign father. In households using all except 2 rooms to sleep in, those native-born of foreign father exceed the foreign-born. No households the heads of which are native whites born of native father or native-born of foreign father use all rooms for sleeping purposes. No households whose heads are Armenians, French Canadians, English, Irish, or Poles use all rooms to sleep in, and no households the heads of which are Irish use all except 1 room. The households whose heads are Greeks and Hebrews show the highest percentage sleeping in all rooms, and the households the heads of which are Lithuanians the highest percentage sleeping in all except 1 room. The households the heads of which are Hebrews show the highest percentage, sleeping in all except 2 rooms, and the households the heads of which are English the smallest per cent using all except 2 rooms to sleep in. CHAPTER XI. SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS. Literacy-Conjugal condition-Visits abroad-Age classification of employees and members of their households-Charity-[Text Tables 164 to 176 and General Tables 104 to 113]. LITERACY. The literacy of the employees of the shoe-manufacturing industry at Community A is indicated by the data presented in the following series of tables. These tables show not only the degree of literacy which prevails among the workers at the present time, but also the progress made by the foreign-born employees after their arrival in this country. The first table presented in this connection, which follows, shows, by sex and general nativity and race, the percentage of employees who are able to read and the per cent who are able both to read and to write. TABLE 164.-Per cent of employees who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Of the individuals in this locality, for whom information was secured, all who were native-born of foreign father, both males and females, and a larger proportion of those who were native-born of native father than of the foreign-born can read; all of the females native-born of foreign father, and a larger proportion of the females native-born of native father than of the foreign-born females, can both read and write. The proportion of males who both read and write is largest for the native-born of native father, second for the nativeborn of foreign father, and smallest for the foreign-born. Of the foreign-born, the North Italians and South Italians have the smallest proportion of males and the Greeks by far the smallest proportion of females who are able to read and to read and write. The following table shows, by sex and general nativity and race of individual, the percentage of persons 10 years of age or over, in the households studied, who read and the per cent who read and write: TABLE 165.-Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Number reporting com- Per cent who read. Per cent who read and write. Native-born of native father, Native-born of foreign father, Canadian, French.. Foreign-born: Armenian. Canadian, French. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. 266 100.0 73 100.0 148 100.0 116 98.6 135 91.7 60 100.0 81 88.7 60 145 93.7 Grand total... Slightly more than 90 per cent of the total number of persons, data for whom are included in the above table, read and 87.3 per cent both read and write. The males show a larger proportion of persons who read and a larger proportion who read and write than do the females. All of the native-born persons, male and female, including the nativeborn of foreign father, both read and write. Of the foreign-born, 86 per cent read and 81.1 per cent read and write. Of the foreignborn, all of the English, both male and female, can both read and write. Of the foreign-born males who read, the Armenians, French Canadians, Hebrews, Irish, South Italians, and Syrians each show a proportion of between 90 and 100 per cent of the total number of males of each race. The Lithuanian race shows a smaller proportion of males who read than does any other foreign-born race. Excepting the French Canadians, English, and Lithuanians, each race shows a smaller proportion of females who read than of males. The Lithuanians show a |