Of the 471 males included in the preceding table, 38.2 per cent were working for wages, 29.5 per cent were working without wages, 25.3 per cent were working for profit, and 7 per cent were without occupation before coming to the United States. The English and Lithuanian are the only races not showing a proportion who were without occupation. Among those who were working for wages the English shows the largest and the Lithuanian the smallest proportion, while among those who were working without wages the Lithuanian shows the largest and the English the smallest proportion. Of those of each race who were working for profit the proportion ranges from 39.6 per cent of the Armenian to 4.2 per cent of the English.

The following table shows the principal occupations before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, and is presented, according to race of individual:

TABLE 124.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of the 471 males included in the preceding table, 7 per cent were without occupation, 38.2 per cent were working for wages, 29.5 per cent were working without wages, and 25.3 per cent were working for profit before coming to the United States. The 38.2 per cent who were working for wages comprises the following-11.3 per cent engaged in the shoe manufacturing industry, 8.1 per cent as farm laborers, 3.6 per cent in hand trades, less than 1 per cent as general laborers and 14.6 per cent engaged in occupations other than those specified in this table. The 29.5 per cent working without wages, comprises 25.9 per cent engaged as farm laborers and 3.6 per cent otherwise employed. Of the 25.3 per cent working for profit, 9.3 per cent were farmers and 15.9 per cent were engaged in occupations other than farming. Among those of each race who were working for wages the proportion who were farm laborers ranges from 20.3 per cent of the Polish to none of the Hebrews. The proportion who were employed in the shoe-manufacturing industry ranges from

66.7 per cent of the English to 1.4 per cent of the Polish, the Armenian, Greek, Lithuanian, and Syrian showing none, however. The proportions for those who were working for wages in occupations other than those specified, ranges from 31.9 per cent of the Hebrew to 2.7 per cent of the Polish. Each race, except the Armenian, English, Hebrew, and South Italian, shows that of those who were working without wages a larger proportion were farm laborers than were otherwise employed. With the exception of the French Canadian, Lithuanian, and Polish groups, each race shows that a larger proportion of their number who were working for profit were engaged in occupations other than farming.

The table next submitted shows, by race of individual, the industrial conditions before coming to the United States of foreign-born females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to this country.

TABLE 125.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign

born.]

Of the 344 females included in the preceding table, 73 per cent were without occupation, 15.4 per cent were working for wages, 10.8 per cent were working without wages, and less than 1 per cent were working for profit before coming to the United States. Of those of each race who were without occupation the proportion ranges from 97.2 per cent of the Armenians to 32.5 per cent of the Lithuanians. The French Canadian shows the largest and, with the exception of the Greek which shows none, the Armenian shows the smallest proportion who were working for wages; while the Lithuanian shows the largest and, with the exception of the Armenian which shows none, the Hebrew the smallest proportion working without wages. The Hebrew and South Italian show 1.5 per cent and 2.1 per cent, respectively, who were working for profit, other races showing none. The table next presented analyzes the preceding table into the principal occupations followed by foreign-born females in the households studied, before coming to the United States, who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to this country. The presentation is by race of individual.

48296°-VOL 12-11- -25

TABLE 126.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of the 344 females reporting complete data in the above table, 73 per cent were without occupation, 15.4 per cent were working for wages, 10.8 per cent were working without wages, and 0.9 per cent were working for profit before coming to the United States. Among those who were working for wages the largest proportion were in domestic service, the next largest proportion having been engaged in sewing, embroidering, etc., and only 1.2 per cent of the total number reporting were engaged in the shoe-manufacturing industry. Among those who were working without wages less than 1 per cent were employed other than as farm laborers, and among those working for profit the entire proportion were engaged in occupations other than farming. Only two races, the French Canadian and Lithuanian, show a proportion who have been employed in the shoe-manufacturing industry. The entire proportion of Poles who were working for wages were in domestic service and the entire proportion of Armenians were in occupations other than those specified. Among those who were working without wages only one race, the South Italian, shows a proportion who were employed as other than farm laborers.

PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES.

The table next presented shows, by race, the percentage of foreignborn male employees who were in each specified occupation before coming to the United States.

TABLE 127.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

This table contains data from 863 males employed in the shoe manufacturing industry. Before immigrating to the United States, 60.8 per cent of these persons were employed in shoe manufacturing, 5.6 per cent were employed in manufacturing other than shoe manufacturing, 11.6 per cent worked at farming or farm labor, 1.5 per cent were general laborers, 5.7 per cent followed hand trades, 10 per cent were in trade, and 4.9 per cent were engaged in occupations not specified in this table. Over 88 per cent of both North and South Italians were engaged in shoe manufacturing, while the proportion of the French Canadians and Russian Hebrews thus engaged was 41.7 per cent and 48.7 per cent, respectively. No North Italians and very few South Italians were engaged in manufacturing other than shoe manufacturing, but 6 per cent of the French Canadians and 9.7 per cent of the Russian Hebrews were so employed. The French Canadians show 36.9 per cent who followed farming or farm labor before coming to the United States, whereas less than 3 per cent of any of the other races reported were so occupied. No Russian Hebrews or South Italians and less than 5 per cent of French Canadians and North Italians were general laborers. Among those who followed hand trades, the Russian Hebrews report 10.4 per cent and the South Italians 5.4 per cent, while the remaining races each show a proportion under 4 per cent. With 24 per cent engaged in trade the Russian Hebrew shows by far the greatest proportion in that respect, each other race showing less than 5 per cent. Less than 5 per cent of any race are reported as following other occupations than those herein specified.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME, IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In contrast with the preceding tabulations, the series of tables next presented exhibit the industrial condition of immigrant employees and members of their households in this country. The first table submitted shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupations of males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over.

TABLE 128.-General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Upon information secured for 816 individuals in this locality 64.1 per cent are employed in the shoe manufacturing industry and 30 per cent are otherwise employed, 4.5 per cent being at home and 1.3 per cent at school. The group native-born of native father shows a larger proportion than the native-born of foreign father, which in turn shows a larger proportion than the foreign-born who are employed in the shoe manufacturing industry. The foreign-born report the largest and the native-born of foreign father the smallest proportion who are otherwise employed. The native-born of foreign father shows the largest proportion at home and at school, while the native-born of native father shows the smallest proportion at home and the foreign-born the smallest proportion at school. Considering the foreign-born, by race, it is seen that the largest proportion of each race, except the Lithuanian and Polish, are employed in the shoe manufacturing industry. The proportion who are otherwise employed ranges from 82.5 per cent of the Poles to 2.7 per cent of the English. The Armenian, South Italian, and Polish show 3.1 per cent, 2.8 per cent, and 1.3 per cent, respectively, at school, while the proportion of each race who are at home ranges from 29.6 per cent of the Irish to 1.6 per cent of the Canadian French.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF FEMALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In the table next presented the general occupation of females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over is shown according to general nativity and race of individual.