The earnings of husband constitute 68.7 per cent of the total income of the selected families; 15.1 per cent comes from the contributions of children. The other sources are less important items in the income of the total group. In each nativity group the proportion of income from the earnings of husband is considerably greater than the proportion from any other source. The native-born of native father have a larger proportion of their income from the earnings of husband and wife and a smaller proportion from every other source than any other class. The foreign-born have a smaller proportion from the earnings of husband and a larger proportion from contributions of children, payments of boarders or lodgers, and sources other than specified than any other class.

The greater part of the income of each specified race, excepting the Irish, comes from the earnings of the husband. The Irish have a larger proportion of their income from the contributions of children than any other source.

The Lithuanians show an entire lack of income from the contributions of children.

CHAPTER IV.

WORKING CONDITIONS.

Regularity of employment-The immigrant and organized labor-[Text Tables 48 to 50 and General Table 22].

REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT.

The regularity of employment offered as well as the relative industriousness of the several races and nativity is exhibited by the tables which follow. The table first submitted shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the months worked during the past year by males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over:

TABLE 48.-Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

In the greater proportion of cases males 16 years of age or over, employed away from home, worked at least nine months during the past year. This is true of 75.9 per cent of the native-born of native father, 72.5 per cent of the native-born of foreign father, and of 61.6 per cent of the foreign-born. The latter class, on the whole, worked the least number of months, the foreign-born showing the smallest proportion working each specified length of time. The greater pro

portion of the South Italians, North Italians, and Greeks work months or over. The other specified races worked in the e proportion of cases nine months or over.

The following table shows, according to general nativity an of individual, the number of months worked during the past y females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or o

TABLE 49.-Months worked during the past year by females 16 years of age or over e away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for

The above table shows that nearly all of the 295 women in worked three months or over during the past year and 33.9 p worked the whole year. The native-born of foreign father higher proportion in each group than the foreign-born. Of th foreign-born races enumerated the Hebrews had above the a number employed all the year.

THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.

The extent to which the operatives studied were members o organizations is set forth in the table next presented. It sh general nativity and race of individual the affiliation with unions of males 21 years of age or over in the households stu

TABLE 50.-Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual.

Of the 1,039 males for whom information was obtained, only 36.8 per cent are affiliated with trade unions-the foreign-born reporting 37.1 per cent as compared with 43 per cent of the native-born of foreign father and 28.8 per cent of the native whites born of native father. Among the foreign-born races, it will be noted that the English, with 73.5 per cent affiliated with trade unions, show a slightly larger proportion than do the French Canadians or Syrians, a considerably larger proportion than do the Greeks or Armenians, and a much larger proportion than do the Hebrews, Irish, Lithuanians, South Italians, or Poles, in the order named. Considering the number of Poles for whom information was obtained, it will be seen that the proportion taking an active interest in trade unions is very low as compared with the other races.