each of the Lithuanians and Polish husbands are at work, with the latter showing a slightly larger average rate of earnings than do the former. All of the other races, except the Irish, show that over 90 per cent of the husbands are at work, with average earnings ranging from $756 per year, as in the case of the English, to $405 per year, as in the case of the Greeks. Of the Irish 77.3 per cent of the husbands are at work, with average earnings of $676 per year.

The range in annual earnings of male heads of families is shown in the following table, according to general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 38.--Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 525].

The greater proportion, 62 per cent, of the total number of male heads earn under $600 per year. This is likewise true of 68.5 per cent of the foreign-born heads. The greater proportion of the male heads of the native-born of foreign father and of the native-born of native father earn under $800 per year. The foreign-born show the largest proportion earning under each specified amount. Consequently, relatively low earnings are more general among them than any other class. There is, however, considerable variation in the earnings of the specified races. The greater proportion of the English and French Canadian male heads earn under $800. The Hebrews and South Italians in the greater number of cases earn under $600. The male heads of the remaining races in the greater proportion of families earn under $400.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table next presented shows the yearly earnings of all n the households studied 18 years of age or over working for wa general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 39.-Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, b nativity and race of individual.

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

From the foregoing table a report is had from 1,081 males, 1 of age or over, each one of whom earns, on an average, $502 Of the total number reporting, 8 per cent earn under $200 pe 41.8 per cent under $400, 70 per cent under $600, and 95 p earn $1,000. The earners of the highest wages are members group native-born of native father, whose annual average is $ against $633 for the native-born of foreign father. It will be that of the foreign races the English averaging over $700 p display the highest ability as wage-earners, and the Canadian and Irish, each averaging over $600, are next in order. These are of the older immigration. One race, the Syrian, average $500 a year, while the Hebrews, North Italians, South Italia Armenians each average over $400, and the Poles and the average over $350 a year, while last place is held by the Lithu whose yearly average is $337.

No North Italians or Syrians earn under $200 a year, and less than 8 per cent of Lithuanians, English, Poles, Canadian French, Irish, and Hebrews do so, while there are about 15 per cent of Armenians and South Italians and over 25 per cent of Greeks whose earning capacity is such. Sixty-nine and three-tenths per cent of the Greeks, about 50 per cent of Lithuanians, South Italians, Poles, Armenians, North Italians, and Hebrews are earning under $400 a year, while the same is true of about 20. per cent of Canadian French and Syrian, 14.3 per cent of the Irish, and 11.8 per cent of the English. Over 90 per cent of Polish and Lithuanian males, about 80 per cent of the Greeks, South Italians, Hebrews, Armenians, and North Italians, are earning less than $600 a year. More than 50 per cent of Syrians and about 40 per cent of Canadian French and Irish are in that class, while of the English there is only 26.5 per cent earning under $600. All Armenians, North Italians, Lithuanians, Poles, and Syrians and over 95 per cent of Hebrews, Greeks, South Italians, and Irish are reported as earning under $1,000 a year, while not quite 90 per cent of English and Canadian French are thus reported.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the yearly earnings of females, in the households studied, 18 years of age or over working for wages:

TABLE 40.- Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

In the greater number of cases females 18 years of age an and working for wages earn under $400 per year. This is 78.6 per cent of the foreign-born and 52.3 per cent of the nativ of foreign father. The greater proportion, however, of the females born of native father earn under $500 per year. The born of native father show the smallest proportion earning les each specified amount; the foreign-born show the largest prop Consequently, relatively low earnings are most general in the class.

ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.

The annual income of families the heads of which are em in the shoe-manufacturing industry, together with the several s of family income and their relative importance, are studied next series of tabulations. The first table submitted in this c tion, which follows, shows, by general nativity and race of h household, the percentage of families having a total yearly inc each specified amount:

TABLE 41.—Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for Two families are included which report income as "none."]

The greater proportion of the total number of selected fa have a yearly income under $750. This is likewise true of 64 cent of the foreign-born families. The greater proportion families of the native-born of native father and of the native-b foreign father have a yearly income under $1,000. The foreign show in every instance the largest proportion having a total income under each specified amount. Consequently, compars small incomes are more general among them than any other The greater part of the English have an income under $1,500

under $1,000. The Hebrews and Armenians have in the greater proportion of cases an income under $750. The remaining races show the greater proportion of families having an income under $500.

WIVES AT WORK.

The extent to which the wives of the families studied engage in regular employment outside the home in order to supplement the earnings of their husbands is shown in the following table, according to general nativity and race of head of family:

TABLE 42.-Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

Of the 652 wives included in the foregoing table, 70, or 10.7 per cent, are at work and earn an average of $246 per annum. None of the wives of the families the heads of which are Irish, as compared with 34.8 per cent of the wives of the families the heads of which are English, are at work.

RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS.

Although a considerable proportion of the wives of families, the heads of which were shoe-manufacturing employees, as well as other female members of the families, seek regular employment outside the home as a means of contributing to the family support, a very much larger proportion of the wives add to the earnings of their husbands by taking boarders or lodgers into the home. The extent to which the wives find it necessary to supplement in this way the earnings of the husbands is set forth in the table following, according to yearly earnings of the husband and general nativity and race of head of family.

48296°-VOL 12-11-18