Steam engines, improvements in, patent &c. application of anthracite coal to Steel, manufacture of cast, patent and cast iron, carbon in process for determining the carbon in cast iron and &c. relative combinations of the constituents of Strata, instrument to ascertain the depth of soft mineral or earthy Sugar, on beet Specifications of Patents. Protecting plastered walls, &c. from the effect of fire-Naylor's Mould board for a plough- Witherow's Preparing caoutchouc for manufacturing-Goodyear's Purifying gas for illumination-Phillip's Improvements in the manufacture of dextrine-Heuze Manufacture of soap for felting, &c.-Haden's Alloying metals by cementation-Berry's Manufacture of starch-Jones' Decomposing muriate of soda for manufacturing mineral alkali-Barrett's Enabling locomotives to ascend inclined planes-Ketchum's Manufacture of liquid ammonia for dyeing, &c.-Watson's of white lead-Sewell's of materials for dyeing blue, &c.- Watson's Composition for protecting wood from flame-Davies' -Poole's cast steel-Vicker's Preserving wood, &c. from decay-Burnet's vegetable substances from decay-Hall's Raising, dressing and cropping the pile of woolens, &c.- Walton's Impregnating wood, &c. with chemical materials-Uzielle's Hardening wood and iron, &c.-Pons' Improvements in steam engines-Petrie's Manufacture of iron-Gossage's Manufacturing soap and preparing tallow for making candles-Hawes' Telford premiums, to be awarded by the Institute of Civil Engineers, London Toll, on the tariffs of, on public improvements in the U. States, Tornado at Natchez, Miss. observations on, by D. H. Tooley Towne's bridge, description of improvements on 248 136 246 327 327 123 137 407 374 376 329 321 371 112 113 115 ib. 116 118 ib. 120 121 190 191 193 195 196 243 244 245 246 247 248 ib. 248 249 301 303 305 ib. 305 271 352 35 214 274 131 204 209 140 202 329 167, 225 387 175 211 413 141 87 403 250 Walls, &c. protecting from the effects of fire, plastered, patent --- or springs, artesian, in Mid-Lothian, &c. experiments on Wheels, machine for cutting the teeth of bevel report on E. Clark's process for making Wilson, W. H. description of the Black Rock Tunnel notes on Philadelphia and Columbia railroad Wires for musical instruments, platina Wood, impregnating with chemical materials, patent effects of Kyanizing improvements in preserving from decay, patent and iron hardening, and preserving from dry-rot, patent Woolen, &c. manufacturing fabrics from, patent raising, dressing, and cropping the pile of, patent Water-wheel, the turbine, or French and German Zarskojeselo railroad 62 255 306 313 361 371 112 214 211 330 205 221 91 270 274 202 193 232 196 87 331 359 303 203 247, 248 196 248 243 249 403 258 142 OF THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE OF THE State of Pennsylvania AND MECHANICS' REGISTER. DEVOTED TO MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE, CIVIL ENGINEERING, THE ARTS AND MANUFACTURES, AND THE RECORDING OF AMERICAN AND OTHER PATENTED INVENTIONS. EDITED BY THOMAS P. JONES, M. D. MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL OF SCIENCE, WASHINGTON, CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE NEW SERIES. VOL. XXVI. PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE, AT THEIR HALL, F. TAYLOR, WASHINGTON CITY; G. CARVILL & CO., NEW YORK; AND JOSEPH H. FRANCIS, BOSTON. 1840 JOURNAL OF THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE OF THE State of Pennsylvania, AND MECHANICS' REGISTER. JULY, 1840. Practical and Theoretical Mechanics and Chemistry. Arts and Artisans at Home and Abroad: with sketches of the progress of Foreign manufactures. By JELINGER C. SYMONS, Esq., one of the assistant Commissioners on the hand-loom inquiry, &c. [CONTINUED FROM VOL. XXV. PAGE 374.] Wages and Physical Condition of Austrian and Prussian Artisans. In Austria but few differences distinguish the condition of the artisans from those in Germany. Since the period of a former visit to Austria, some years ago, I perceived a marked progress in their prosperity; and although small comparison can be drawn between the artisans of Switzerland and Austria, still those of the latter country are far from ranking low in the scale of industrial welfare among the nations of the Continent. The wages of the factory labourers average as follows:-Spinners, 1 fl. (18. 8d.) per day; women, from 30 to 40 kr. (10d. to a 1d.) per day; children, 13 to 16 kr. (4 d. to 5 d.) per day. The hours of factory labour in Austria are cruelly long, being frequently in the factories of the interior 15 hours per day, exclusive of meal time; and not unfrequently 17 hours. No law protects the children. At Messrs. Escher and Kennedy's, a humaner system is adopted, and the time of work seldom exceeds from 13 to 14 hours. It appears that the fate of these unhappy children has excited some animadversion in Austria, and that the question of shortening the time of work is occupying the attention of the Government; for an association of the cotton spioners has been formed, to which, the owners of 470,000 out of the whole 600.000 spindles in the empire, already belong. The efforts of this associaVOL XXVI.-No. 1.-JULY, 1840. 1 |