LEGISLATION. The Fourth State Legislature, sitting from January to March, passed the following measures. A system of proceedings in quo warranto was established; the penalty 'for larceny of cattle was increased; restriction of live-stock owners to one brand; expenditures of rural schools were limited to 10 mills; exemp tion from tax of lands the title to which is held by the State; provision of method of resignation of members of the legislature; fixation of feeding of jail prisoners at a maximum of 75 cents per diem; defining the offense and penalty of conspiracy; prohibition of the desecration of the flag and its use for purposes of advertisement; creation of a State bath house at Hot Springs; creation of State board of dental examiners; creation of sire registration board; creation of a State department of health; amendment to ballot law of 1917; creation of a girls' welfare board; an act regulating the leasing of State lands for mineral purposes and retaining permanent ownership of all oil lands with an eighth royalty; creation of a soldiers' settlement board; prohibition of nepotism by State, county and city officials; an act permitting cities to buy public utilities by hypothecating revenues; creation of office of State traveling auditor; codification of laws on irrigation and drainage; creation of State tax commission; establishment of State mounted police; recodification of general banking act; permission of commission form of government in cities of 10,000 or more population; establishment of child's welfare service; provision of teaching of Spanish in public high schools on petition; an act requiring establish

of an annual franchise tax on corporations; also establishment of State inheritance and income taxes; a workmen's compensation bill; the State budget system was made permanent; an election on a $2,000,000 road bond issue was authorized; the maximum rate of interest was fixed at 10 per cent; and many laws were passed regulating and revising legal procedure.

OFFICERS. Governor, O. A. Larrazolo; Lieutenant-Governor, B. F. Pankey; Secretary of State, Manuel Martinez; Auditor, Edward Sargent; Treasurer, Charles U. Strong; AttorneyGeneral, O. O. Askren; Superintendent of Public Instruction, J. H. Wagner; Adjutant-General, James Baca.

JUDICIARY. Supreme Court: Chief Justice, Frank W. Parker; Associate Justices, Herbert J. Raynolds, Clarence J. Roberts; Clerk, Jose D. Sena. NEW ORLEANS OPERA. See MUSIC, Op

era.

NEW SOUTH WALES. A state of the Commonwealth of Australia, situated in the southeastern part of the continent and bounded by Queensland on the north, Victoria on the south, South Australia on the west and the Pacific on the east. The capital is Sydney, the second largest city in the southern hemisphere, being next to Buenos Aires. Area of New South Wales, 309,432 square miles or about one-tenth of the Commonwealth area; population estimated June 30, 1918, 1,897,084. The forests cover about one-fourth of the total area. Education is compulsory between the ages of seven and 14. In 1917 there were 3412 public schools while 659 were privately conducted. There were 282,757 children enrolled in public schools and 8228 teachers. The State religion was abolished in 1862 but the Church of England predominates.

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 1918, the railways of New South Wales had a net loss of £28,916, which profits of £48,835 on the tramways turned into a profit of £11,919. For the year 1918-19 the railway loss was £211,817, and as the profit from the tramways was £18,448, the deficit was one of £193,369. Both passenger and goods receipts were higher in the latter year, so that the increase was £1,003,293, or 11.2 per cent, of which £444,137 were received vember 1, 1918. On the other hand, working from increased rates and fares in force from Noexpenses increased £964,003, or 16.2 per cent. Wages took £283,000, increased price of coal £16,000, and of other materials £184,000. A strike of the employees, the influenza epidemic, and a prolonged drought were other misfortunes of the year. See AUSTRALIA.

NEW SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA. MUSIC, Orchestras.

See

popula

NEW YORK. POPULATION. The tion of the State in 1910, was 9,113,614 and

July 1, 1919, it was estimated to be 10,833,795, a gain during the last 12 months of 186,000. AGRICULTURE. The following table is compiled from a report of the Federal Department of Agriculture.

CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. The following is a list of the various State charitable and reformatory institutions with their respective populations, as of June 30, 1918.

Western House of Refuge for Women, at Albion, 206; School for the Blind, Batavia, 126; Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Bath, 1005; Reformatory, Elmira, 726; Eastern New York Reformatory, Napanoch, 206; Training School for Girls, Hudson, 366; Custodial Asylum for FeebleMinded Women, Newark, 891; House of Refuge, Randall's Island, 645; Custodial Asylum, Rome, 1724; Agricultural and Industrial School, Industry, 837; Institution for Feeble-Minded Children, Syracuse, 582; Thomas Indian School, Iroquois, 177; Craig Colony for Epileptics, Sonyea, 1477; Woman's Relief Corps Home, Oxford, 181; Hospital for Care of Crippled and Deformed Children, West Haverstraw, 134; Hospital for Treatment of Incipient Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Raybrook, 302; Letchworth Village, Thiells, 351; Reformatory for Women, Bedford Hills. The cost of these institutions to the State is about $3,000,000. The official head is the fiscal supervisor of State Charities.

TRANSPORTATION. The total railway mileage of the State in 1919 was about 8500. The longer roads are the New York Central, the Erie, the Delaware and Hudson, and the Lehigh Valley.

STATE OFFICERS. Governor, Alfred E. Smith, Dem.; Lieutenant-Governor, Harry C. Walker, Dem.; Secretary of State, Francis M. Hugo, Rep.; Comptroller, Eugene M. Travis, Rep.; Treasurer, James L. Wells, Rep.; Attorney-General, Charles D. Newton, Rep.; Engineer and Surveyor, Frank M. Williams; Superintendent of Public Works, Edward S. Walsh; Commissioner of Education, John H. Finley; Superintendent of Insurance, Jesse S. Phillips, Rep.; Adjutant-General, Charles W. Berry, Dem.

JUDICIARY. Court of Appeals: Chief Judge, Frank H. Hiscock; Associate Judges, E. A. Chase, Frederick Collin, W. H. Cuddeback, J. W. Hogan, B. N. Cardozo, C. W. Pound, C. B. McLaughlin, F. E. Crane, W. S. Andrews; Clerk, Richard M. Barber; Reporter, J. N. Fiero. See AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION; CHILD LABOR; ROADS; TAXATION.

See OLD AGE PENSIONS; SOCIAL INSURANCE. NEW YORK CITY. See EXPOSITIONS; DOCKS AND HARBORS; WATER-WORKS.

NEW YORK PHILHARMONIC SOCIETY. See MUSIC, Orchestras and Novelties.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY. A non-sectarian educational institution in New York City. Women are admitted to some of its departments. The enrollment for the summer school of 1919 was 1300 and for the fall there were 9765 additional students. The faculty contains 518 members. In 1917-18 the productive funds amounted to $1,198,285 and the income $762,192. The library contains 141,196 volumes. In 1919 construction was begun on the main building of a new chemistry laboratory, and also on the main engineering building. The university was

founded in 1831. Chancellor, Elmer Ellsworth Brown, LL.D.

NEW ZEALAND, DOMINION OF. A selfgoverning British dependency in the South Pacific, comprising three principal islands and several small ones. The capital is Wellington.

AREA AND POPULATION. Area of North Island, 44,130 square miles; South Island, 58,120; Stewart Island, 662; total, 103,581. Total population estimated June 30, 1918, 1,106,677 exclusive of Maoris and inhabitants of Cook Island. Population of North Island (1916), 651,072; South Island (including Stewart Island and Chatham Islands), 448,337; Total, 1,162,293 (including 49,776 Maoris and 12,797 inhabitants of Cook and other islands in the Pacific annexed in 1901). Population of the chief cities on October, 1916: Auckland, 133,712; Wellington, 95,235; Christchurch, 92,733; Dunedin, 68,716; Wanganui, 19,517; Invercargill, 17,862. The total number of births in 1918 was 25,867, which was lower than in any preceding year after 1907, the highest point having been reached in 1916 with 28,509. The births in 1917 numbered 28,239 of which 1159 were illegitimate. In 1918 the number of deaths greatly increased, reaching 16,364 (or 14.84 per 1000), as compared with 10,596 (or 9.64 per 1000) in 1916. In 1917 the deaths had numbered 10,528, and the mar

riages 6417. In 1917 the immigrants numbered 15,649, and the emigrants 13,869, both exclusive of the expeditionary forces. This was a large falling off from 1916 when the numbers were respectively 21,799 and 21,163.

EDUCATION AND RELIGION. Illiteracy is rare. In 1916 95 per cent of the population over five years of age were reported as able to read and write. At the end of that year the primary schools numbered 2335 with 5781 teachers, and 185,884 pupils enrolled, and there were 37 secondary schools with 323 teachers, and 7052 pupils. Education is compulsory between the ages of 7 and 14. There is a university which is simply an examining body whose graduates in 1917 numbered 2236, and four affiliated colleges at Dunedin, Christchurch, Auckland, and Wellington, respectively. The Church of England is the most important denomination numerically, having nearly 43 per cent of the church members. Next in importance numerically were the Presbyterian and the Roman Catholic churches. church population, according to the census of 1916, was 1,069,948, the number of places of worship, 3847, and the number of clergy in June, 1918, 1638.

The

*Not including special war expenditure.

shortage of shipping which embarrassed both exporters and importers and interfered with local business. At the end of 1918, however, conditions improved and the freight rates between Europe and the United States were reduced about 50 per cent.

The annual report of the New Zealand Railways, for the year ended Mar. 31, 1919, showed earnings of £4,988,632, as compared with £4, 687,700 in 1917-1918. Expenditure was £3,308,575, as against £3,042,907, and net receipts £1, 680,057, as compared with £1,644,793. The gross receipts per train mile were 160d., as against 150.5d. It was stated that the prospects when normal conditions were fully restored were very bright.

FINANCE. Revenue for the year ending March 31, 1918, was $98,333,575 as compared with $89,385,667 for the previous year; expenditures, $73, 582,877 compared with $60,797,056 for the previous year. The following table shows the items of revenue for the calendar years 1917 and 1918:

ARMY. Before the war the territorial force was about 300,000 strong. In 1916 conscription was introduced and during the war the number of men of all ranks who went over seas was 99,650. The casualties down to October, 1918, were over 52,000 including 14,500 killed or dead, and 37,000 prisoners.

GOVERNMENT. The government consists of a governor-general and a General Assembly of two chambers, the Legislative Council and the House of Representatives. The governor-general may veto measures and send drafts of bills to the Assembly for consideration. The Legislative Council has 38 members holding office for seven years, and the House of Representatives 80 members elected by the people for three years. The governor-general at the beginning of 1919 was the Earl of Liverpool, and the prime minister, appointed August 7, 1915, was W. F. Massey.

NICARAGUA. The largest of the six Central American states. Capital, Managua.

AREA AND POPULATION. The estimated area is 49,552 square miles, but it is sometimes placed at the lower figure of 49,200. The population which is principally Mestizo and Indian was estimated on Dec. 31, 1917 at about 800,000 as against 689,891 on Dec. 31, 1913. Fully threefourths of the inhabitants live in the western half of the country. The chief towns with their estimated populations are Leone, 62,569; Managua, 48,367; Grenada, 25,000. A law providing for a new census was passed in 1919.

EDUCATION. The number of elementary schools has been placed at 356 and the secondary schools at 10. There are three universities, namely at Managua (the Central university), Leone (the Western and Northern university), and Grenada (the Western and Southern university). The state supports a number of normal schools. There is an industrial, commercial and scientific museum at Managua.

PRODUCTION AND COMMERCE. During the year 1919 important discoveries of asphalt and coal resources were reported. Contracts were formed during the year for the carrying out of geological survey of the petroleum resources. The following information in regard to the foreign trade

for 1918 is supplied by the Pan-American Union: The foreign trade of Nicaragua for the year 1918, in values, amounted to $13,684,743, a gain of $1,316,419 as compared with 1917. There was a decrease in imports of $463,265-from $6,393,068 in 1917 to $5,929,803 in 1918; and an increase in exports of $1,779,684-from $5,975,256 in 1917 to $7,754,940 in 1918, together showing a net increase as above.

The chief countries of export were: United States, $6,412,921; Mexico, $965,977; Panama, $90,143; and Canada, $79,850. The principal articles of export were: Coffee, $2,249,056, all of which, except about $26,000 worth, was exported to the United States; cabinet woods, $1,431,640, nearly all to the United States. The chief cabinet wood was mahogany, accounting for more than 90 per cent of the total exports. Cedar, guayacan, and genizaro accounted for nearly all the remainder. Gold, $1,245,484, in bars, amalgams, concentrates, precipitates, etc., the total to the United States. Sugar, $742,077, of which $642,871 to Mexico, nearly $80,000 to Canada, and about $19,000 to Panama. Bananas, $535,042, all to the United States. Hides and skins, $316,332, all, except less than $100, to the United States. There was an increase in the value of coffee exported of nearly $500,000 as compared with the preceding year; an increase in the value of cabinet woods, of over $125,000; in gold, of $320,000; and in sugar, of over $500,000. There was a decrease in the value of hides and skins exported, of over $206,000. The exports to Mexico, amounting to 12 per cent of the whole in 1918, was entirely a new trade, and was due to the export of sugar as above, and of beans, corn, and lard. The export of corn to Mexico amounted to $208,969. The principal countries of import were: United States, $4,630,457; United Kingdom, $596,809; France, $154,324; Chile, $139,789; and Panama, $138,559. The principal imports were: Cotton goods, $1,580,037, the chief items of which were piece goods, $1,069,814; of which $580,694 from the United States, $165,558 from the United Kingdom; ready-made clothing, $72,982, practically all from the United States; and thread $62,708, about two-thirds from the United Kingdom and most of the remainder from the United States. Of the other items under cotton goods, $180,192 from the United States and $55,733 from the United Kingdom. Manufactures of iron and steel, $709,990, nearly all of which was from the United States. Wheat flour, $356,705, of which $139,789 from Chile, $138,559 from Panama, and $62,727 from the United States. The flour imports from Chile and Panama, the latter a transit trade, represent the total imports from these two countries. Hides and skins and manufactures, $358,355, consisting of leather, $213,194, and boots and shoes, $130,144, all of which, except less than $1000, came from the United States.

SHIPPING. There are five seaports: In the west are Corinto, San Juan del Sur, through which two-thirds of the imports and three-fourths of the exports pass; in the east, Bluefields, Cape Gracias a Dios, Las Pallas, and Greytown. The shipping in 1917 at these five ports comprised 932 vessels of 377,656 tons.

RAILWAYS. In 1919 a new railway was projected from a point on the Cuculaya River, along the course of the Bambana and the Oconguas with a total length of 75 miles and 40 miles

had already been constructed. The road was expected to benefit greatly the southern part of the republic by the admitting of rapid transportation to the Atlantic. Preparations were also made for the completion of railways under process of construction from Managua to Matagalpa and from Port Diaz to Bluefields.

FINANCE. The Budget for 1918 balancing according to an English authority at £291,998, was adopted on Dec. 31, 1918, for the following year.

The total debt was on Dec. 31, 1917, £1,237,644, of which the internal debt amounted in September, 1916, to 10,000,000 cordovas. The surplus created by the taxes for 1918 was set aside for the payment of the debt which was materially reduced during the year 1919.

President in 1919, General Emiliano Chamorro. NICKEL. During 1919 there was but comparatively little nickel produced owing to the lack of demand following post-war conditions. The Sudbury district of Ontario, and especially the Creighton mine, furnished approximately 80 per cent of the world's nickel in the form of sulphide ores which are treated in large measure at the Copper Cliff, Ont., plant of the International Nickel Co., whose smelter was said to handle about 60 per cent of the metal that goes into commerce. This plant had been increased for war needs, but with the slackened demand it was maintained in 1919 on a reduced basis so that as calls came it was able to meet requirements. These increased by the end of the year so that the plant worked on a pre-war scale or at about 55 per cent capacity with a production for December of some 3500 tons of 80 per cent copper-nickel matte which was refined at the company's refineries. In the United States and Canada metallurgical methods were not changed materially during the year though experiments with flotation processes were tried on Sudbury ores. A new smelter for the British America Nickel Co. was under construction at Nickelton, Ont., during the year to treat the ore from the Murray mine, smelting the ore and shipping the white metal thus obtained to Deschene, Quebec, for Electrolytic refining. An interesting development of the year was the manufacture of nickel-copper-steel direct from the Sudbury nickel ores. This was known as the "Nicu" process and was applied to small ordnance which was thoroughly tested and accepted by the British government. Plans were under way for the commercial working of the new process and the preliminary treatment of the ore was to be done in the Sudbury district and the final smelting by electric methods at some point where there was cheap power. There was an increased tendency to use nickel not only in steel for motor cars and other purposes but also in a greater number of alloys. Nickel coinage also attracted more attention during the year. Pure nickel coins had been used in Austria-Hungary since 1892, and also were employed in Italy, France, Siam, Switzerland, and Turkey, being hard and of fine color, but the metal afforded difficulties in minting. This hardness, however, gave the advantage of good wear. Coins of nickel bronze were in use in Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Egypt, Germany, India, Japan, Korea, Persia, Rumania, Switzerland, United States, Uruguay, and several other countries. They had been minted in London for many years for use in Jamaica, West and East Africa, Ceylon, and British Honduras. In view of the shortage of