en," H. Oertel deals with modifications of words in assimilation to preceding words (IF., XXXI, 49-66). C. L. Meader (TAPA., XLIII, 173-200) shows that verbs meaning stand, sit, lie, remain, go, grow, appear, find, etc., have in various Indo-European languages developed into mere copulas, but mostly where there is a middle or reflexive meaning. W. G. Hale proposes changes in "The Classification of Sentences and Clauses" (PAPA., XLIII, xxix-xxxii; and A. W. McWhorter discusses the "Mood of the Question" and the "Mood of the Answer" (ibid., xliii-xlix). Indo-Iranian. In the "Columbia University Indo-Iranian Series," edited by A. V. W. Jackson, Vol. VIII has appeared: Vāsavadattā, a Sanskrit Romance by Subandhu, translated, with an introduction and notes, by Louis H. Gray. L. C. Barrett has issued "The Kashmirian Atharva Veda. Book III" (JAOS., XXXII, 343-90), in style similar to his publication of the first two books in the same periodical. M. Bloomfield (IF., XXXI, 156-77) shows that in the oldest Sanskrit the finite verb may vary in position in the clause without the slightest change of meaning. A theory on the difficult question of the relations of Vedic, Sanskrit and Prakrit is set forth by W. Petersen in JAOS. (XXXII, 41428); a partial reply to his views is given by T. Michelson (ibid., XXXIII, 145-9). Other articles are M. Bloomfield, "The Sikh Religion," in Studies in the History of Religions (169-86), presented to C. H. Toy (New York, 1912); E. W. Hopkins, "Sacred Rivers of India," in the same volume (213-29); F. Edgerton, “Pañcadivyahivāsa, or Choosing a King by Divine Will" (JAOS., XXXIII, 158-66); R. G. Kent, "Classical Parallels to a Sanskrit Proverb" (ibid., 214-6); W. H. Schoff, "Proposed Identification of Two South Indian Place-names in the Periplus" (Jour. Royal Asiatic Soc., January, 1913, 130-3), and "Tamil Political Divisions in the First Two Centuries of the Christian Era" (JAOS., XXXIII, 209-13). logical types and the dress of the figures on the grave relief of King Darius, and shows that the long flowing robe is Persian, and the tightly fitting coat and trousers are Median, reversing the usual belief on the point. Greek and Latin: Linguistics and Syntax.-C. D. Buck (CP., VIII, 13359) shows that in treaties and other documents of interest to more than one community in ancient Greece much mixture of dialects occurred. The usages of où and un are discussed by T. D. Goodell and by B. L. Gildersleeve (AJP., XXXIII, 436-49), and instances of 8rav with causal meaning without temporal significance are adduced by A. C. Pearson (ibid., 42635). C. L. Durham's "Formal Latin and Informal Latin" (CW., VI, 97-101) and G. D. Kellogg's "Characterization of Gallic Latin" (ibid., 90-4) are useful summaries on those subjects. F. F. Abbott's "Note on the Latin Accent" (CP., VIII, 92-3) argues that thé accent of the masses was a stress accent, imitating that of Greek. Some problems of "Hidden Quantities" are dealt with by C. D. Buck (Class. Review, XXVII, 122-6); a reply to this is to be found on pp. 160-2 of the same volume. E. H. Sturtevant (TAPA., XLIII, 57-66) shows that the ui in cui and huic was a diphthong of which the u was the vowel element. W. G. Hale (IF., XXXI, 272-5) argues that as the perfect tense denotes completion, the perfect subjunctive in prohibitions in Latin came to indicate thoroughness or finality. R. B. Steele (AJP., XXXIV, 172-82) studies the uses of the participles in Cicero's Epistles and compares them with similar usages in Livy; he presents also (CP., VIII, 457-76) a study of "The Future Periphrastic in Latin," down to Suetonius. E. B. Lease (AJP., XXXIV, 255-75) gives the first instalment of the history of "Neve and Neque with the Imperative and Subjunctive," down to Apuleius. R. C. Flickinger (ibid., 276-99) gives a detailed history of "The Accusative of Exclamation in Epistolary Latin," continuing his study of the same construction in Plautus and Terence (ibid., XXIX). C. C. Mierow (CP., VIII, 436-44) discusses "Adverbial H. C. Tolman (Amer. Jour. of Archæology, XVII, 85-6 and PAPA., XLIII, liv-lvii), discusses the ethno Usage in Eugippius." R. G. Kent Syriac Book of Medicine.-A work of first-class importance is E. A. Wallis Budge's edition of The Syriac Book of Medicine (Oxford Univ. Press) based on a manuscript in the possession of a native of Mosul. While the manuscript itself is not so very old, it represents a compilation made on the basis of older works and thus embodies the traditional medicine of Syria. While the general point of view is that of Greek medicine, which made its way everywhere in the ancient world, the author, or rather authors, of this compilation have added to their work all the traditional lore Word Formation and Etymology. E. W. Fay has an elaborate study on "Derivatives of the Root Stha in Composition" (AJP., XXXIII, 377-400, and XXXIV, 15-42); in the Bulletin of the University of Texas for Jan. 15, 1913, he has a detailed exposition to prove that "Indo-European Verbal Flexion was Analytical." E. H. Sturtevant concludes his "Studies in Greek Noun Formation: Labial Terminations" (CP., VIII, 65-87, 334-48). S. G. Oliphant (JAOS., XXXII, 393413) argues that Sanskrit dhéng means "voice" or "song." E. W. Hopkins, and folklore of medicine, including in "Sanskrit Kabăiras or Kubairas astrology and divination as a means and Greek Kabeiros" (ibid., XXXIII, of determining the outcome of dis55-70), shows the original identity of ease. Added to the work is a long the two seemingly different divinities. list of what the compiler calls "the E. W. Fay proposes an etymology medicines of the country," which are for Vedic sušiśvi-s (ibid., XXXII, the old popular remedies that un391-2); shows (CJ., VIII, 253-6) doubtedly go back to very early days. that Latin comes it is used almost in The publication thus forms a connectthe meaning "goes with," though this ing link joining the later medicine of is not recognized even by the great Syria with the early traditions that Thesaurus Linguae Latinae now ap- may be traced back to the medicine pearing; shows (Class. Quarterly, of the Babylonians and Assyrians. VII, 202-7) that the study of the etymology of words will often throw light on the syntactical constructions used with them; and presents a study of English "chews," "chooses" and their etymological cognates (Jour. of Eng. and Germ. Philology, XII, 42533). Latin pontifex is etymologized by J. M. Burnam (Berliner philologische Wochenschrift, XXXIII, 2545) as "maker of purity," and by R. G. Kent (CP., VIII, 317-26) as "maker of the paths" between this world and the world of the gods and the dead. B. L. Ullman (ibid., 172-94) discusses the etymology and meaning of satura. E. H. Sturtevant (CW., VII, 29-30) reviews interestingly several Aramaic Incantation Texts.-The medicine of the ancient Orient (and for that matter, of the modern Orient) was never entirely divorced from incantations and it is therefore a natural step to pass from Budge's important work to Prof. James A. Montgomery's edition of the Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur, likewise accompanied by translations. These texts are found on clay bowls discovered by the University of Pennsylvania Expedition to Nippur, in the upper strata of the mound. The bowls, which are covered with drawings and inscriptions in ink, date approximately from the sixth century of our era. They were buried with the dead who were supposed to be protected from evil demons by the formulae inscribed on the bowls. The publication is interesting from two points of view: first, as illustrating the persistency of belief in the activity of demons far down into the Christian era among both native Jews and Christians; and, secondly, from the point of view of language. In the latter respect Professor Montgomery's work is of the very greatest importance. It affords an insight into the current dialect of Babylonia in the seventh century and since he has added in a glossary a complete list of all words occurring in similar texts published up to the present time, this volume, which is one of the publications of the Babylonian section of the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, will take its place as a standard work on the subject. Cuneiform Texts.-Dr. A. T. Clay has added another volume to the long series of Cuneiform Texts that we owe to him. In his new publication, which forms Part II of the Babylonian records in the library of J. Pierpont Morgan, Dr. Clay has given us 56 splendidly preserved commercial and legal texts from the Seleucid era (3d century B. C.). Up to the present only a small number of texts from this very late period have been issued. One of the interesting features of Dr. Clay's new publication is the occurrence of a large number of Greek names in the text, most of which the editor has succeeded in identifying. These names illustrate the active influx of Greeks into the Orient, and we thus see at close hand the interchange of Oriental and Occidental ideas brought about through the conquests of Alexander. Curiously enough the name of Alexander appears in these records without the Greek ending os, giving us, therefore, the popular pronunciation of the fa made in the various parts of the mound and of their cultural and historical significance. Islam. The appearance of a second edition of T. W. Arnold's well-known book Preaching of Islam (New York) should be noticed. The work appears in a revised form which gives evidence of the activity of the author during the 16 years that have elapsed since the appearance of the first edition. The entire range of the spread of Islamism into Western Asia, into Europe, India, Africa and the Malay Archipelago as well as among the Tartars is most carefully covered. Ancient History of the Near East.Another work of general interest is H. R. Hall's Ancient History of the Near East (New York). Mr. Hall, while not claiming to be a specialist along the whole range of subjects covered by him, has made himself thoroughly familiar with a broad field, while his special knowledge of Egyptian and Babylonian history has enabled him to treat such subjects as the older civilization of Greece, of the Hittites and the earlier history of Assyria and Palestine in a manner which throws a great deal of light on the relationships of ancient civilizations to one another. Mr. Hall brings his history down to the Battle of Salamis, a date which only a few decades ago was very close to the beginnings of ancient history. The work is abundantly illustrated and its usefulness further enhanced by several chronological tables. Moses. Lastly, in the field of Old Testament criticism, attention should be directed to the work by Prof. Hugo Gressmann on Moses und seine Zeit, character, but which by penetrating an investigation thoroughly critical in beyond textual criticism into a historical insight into the sources for the period of Moses, reaches conclusions that are much more positive than those of his predecessors. Moses, despite the legendary accretions about his name, looms up as a genuine historical personage to whom, among other things, the Decalogue in its original form is ascribed by the author of this latest study of the beginnings of the national life of the Hebrews. XXXIV. EDUCATION AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ANNA TOLMAN SMITH FUNCTIONS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT Appropriations. The functions of eral grants of land and money by the Federal Government in respect to Congress for educational purposes, education are limited to the control and the results of the endowments of the Military and Naval Academies, have inspired efforts for a renewal and to the direction of the school sys- of government bounty. That the tems of newly acquired possessions present Administration "stands for and of schools for Indians and for industrial education and for Federal the natives of Alaska. The appro- aid to it" was declared in a public priations by Congress directly for address by Secretary Redfield of the educational purposes for the fiscal Department of Commerce, but the year ending June 30, 1913, amounted hopes of favorable action by Conin round numbers to $14,000,000. Of gress on some one of the pending this sum, about $5,000,000 was ap- bills giving effect to this purpose have plied to the education of Indians, been disappointed. including the support of the Indian Office at Washington, and $4,371,700 for agricultural education; of the latter amount, $2,500,000 was the continuing appropriation for the colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts, and $1,871,700 the appropriation for experiment stations. For the maintenance of the public schools of the District of Columbia, Congress contributed $2,447,575, or one-half the total expenditure for the schools, the other half falling upon the citizens of the district. Activities Indirectly Educational.— The Federal Government also takes an active part in welfare activities which are indirectly educational. The first bulletin issued by the Children's Bureau discussed the care of the newborn infant. It was widely circulated, translated into several tongues, and excited a remarkable interest among mothers in the poorer classes. The Department of Agriculture is revolutionizing farm industries by its demonstration work, and through the coöperation of women's clubs carries instruction as to food tests and preservation to thousands of women in country homes. The Bureau of Plant Industry has 20 canning outfits at its command which are taken by demonstrators to country fairs, church sociables, women's clubs, etc., for the purpose of teaching women the art of scientific canning. Not less than 75,000 girls belong to canning clubs. The Public Health Service is one of the chief "health teaching" agencies in the world. The Bureau of Education is carrying on an aggressive campaign against make-shift rural schools and adult ignorance and has rallied to this endeavor innumerable social workers throughout the land. The appropriations for Howard University and the Columbia Institution for Deaf Mutes were respectively $92,000 and $66,500. Although situated in the District of Columbia, both institutions draw students from a much wider area. Bureau of Education.--For the current expenses of the Federal Bureau of Education the sum of $88,500 was allowed; for the schools for natives in Alaska $200,000, and for the reindeer service $5,000, both of which services are administered by the Bureau. Federal Aid to Industrial Education. -Every year gives new proof of the wise forethought which prompted lib GENERAL STATISTICS OF EDUCATION Total Enrollment. In most countries a full survey of education is attempted only at quinquennial or decennial periods, but through the agency of the Federal Bureau of Education the United States secures such a survey every year. In this work state and city authorities coöperate, as well as hundreds of individual institutions, and therefore any marked decline in school attendance or educational interest in any part of the country is very quickly detected. the rate of increase in recent years, there were above 21 million children and youths under instruction in this country during 1913. Of this total, fully 96 per cent. were in the ordinary schools and higher institutions, and the remaining 4 per cent. in special schools or in schools for special classes. As the movement and general relations of the student body change but little from year to year, the analysis of the complete returns for 1911, when 20,054,026 pupils were enrolled, may be taken to illustrate current conditions. On account of recent changes in statistical methods, and the delay in returns from several states, the rec- Distribution of Enrollment by Geoord is incomplete for 1913. Estimates graphical Divisions. Omitting the based upon full returns for 1911 and schools classed as special, the distripartial returns for 1912-13, however, bution of the total pupils in public indicate that school provision and at- and private schools and colleges by tendance have kept pace with the geographical divisions was as follows growth in population. According to in 1911: different geographic divisions in the latter respect is a matter of interest, as it bears directly upon the general intelligence of the entire country. It need hardly be said that public funds are the main source of support for elementary and secondary schools; it should be noted. also, that nearly half the support of the higher institutions is derived from the same source. The ratios of enrollment to population given above emphasize anew the fact that the adults of the southern sections are responsible for a larger proportion of children than the northern sections. Considering individual states, the highest proportion of the population under instruction was a little above 26 per cent., reported by two states, Mississippi and Tennessee. In four states, North Carolina, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Utah, the ratio Schools for Special Classes. — The exceeded 25 per cent. As a rule, these following particulars relate to the high ratios are due to the large enroll- special schools that, as a rule, do not ment in elementary schools. Utah is come under the same administrations the only one of the states named in as those included in the preceding which the proportion of pupils in sec- table; they show, however, the purondary and higher grades exceeds the pose to bring the benefits of education proportion for the United States as a to all classes of people within the whole. The relative status of the national domain. |