permanent. When the flood distress | Chicago from Washington when the came the need of systematic organiza- news of the Ohio floods turned him tions of the kind was very strikingly back to that state. The work of resshown. cue and relief was done throughout the flooded territory, under competent trained directors, with an efficiency and promptness inconceivable in the old days of confusion and suffering that formerly marked the attempt to relieve such disasters on a large scale. (See also XXIII, Engineering; and XXX, Public Health.)

The Red Cross.-The organization of the American Red Cross has proved its efficiency during the year. The tornado at Omaha had scarcely died down before one of the institutional members of the Red Cross from Chicago was on his way to the city. The director of the Red Cross had reached

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ALLEN, William H.-Modern Philan-
thropy. (New York, Dodd, Mead &
Co.)
BARROWS, Isabel C.-A Sunny Life. The
Biography of Samuel June Barrows.
(Boston, Little, Brown & Co.)
BRECKENRIDGE, S. P., and ABBOTT, Edith.
-The Delinquent Child and the Home.
(New York, Charities Publication
Committee.)

CLOPPER, Edward N.-Child Labor in

City Streets. (New York, Macmillan
Co.)

GORING, Charles.-The English Convict.
(London, Wyman & Sons.)

HART, Hastings H.-"A Working Program for the Extinction of the Defec

(The Survey, May

tive Delinquent." 24, 1913.) LOWRIE, Donald.-My Life in Prison. (New York, Mitchell Kennerley.) MAURICE, C. Edmund.-The Life of Octavia Hill. (New York, Macmillan Co.)

REEDER, R. R.-"Postgraduates of the Hired Man." (The Survey. March, 1913.)

TRACY, F. N.-"Seven Years of the Honor System in a County Jail." (The Delinquent, November, 1913.)

WHITIN, E. Stagg. Penal Servitude. (National Committee on Prison Labor.)

"The Caged Man." (Am. Acad. of Polit. and Soc. Sci., III.)

XIX. AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND

FISHERIES

AGRICULTURE

E. W. ALLEN

vin succeeded Willis L. Moore as Chief of the Weather Bureau on the latter's removal (see V, National Administration). L. M. Estabrook was appointed Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, succeeding Victor H. Olmsted.

Retirement of Secretary Wilson.-| Plant Industry, and Charles F. MarJames Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture since 1887, a period of 16 years, retired March 4, 1913. Few men have rendered such notable service to this basic industry. His work was constructive and was based on an intimate knowledge of the conditions One of the most radical changes unand needs of American agriculture, der the new administration relates to thorough sympathy with the Ameri- the system of publications. The Decan farmer, and a large measure of partment's publications are said to confidence in the ability of science and represent in the aggregate the most experimentation to aid in promoting voluminous body of literature currentagriculture in all regions and make ly published by any scientific instituit more intelligent and sure. In a tion in the world. The activities in remarkable degree he enjoyed the con- this direction have, however, reached fidence of the people and of Congress, the limit of the funds available, and and this enabled him to secure means hence the system has been revised for developing the Department and with a view to economy and to better making its work effective. In his adapting the publications to the needs time the Department grew from a of special classes of readers and defiforce of less than 2,500 persons to nite sections of the country. In place nearly 14,000, from an appropriation of the independent series of bulletins of less than $3,000,000 to nearly and circulars issued by each of the $18,000,000, and became the greatest bureaus, a single departmental series agricultural institution in the world. has been established. The bulletins Department of Agriculture.-The will be semi-technical, and will be supchange of administration brought sev-plemented by the more popular Farmeral changes in the Department of Agriculture, although the personnel of its working force was not affected. David F. Houston, President of Washington University in St. Louis and former President of the Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College, became Secretary of Agriculture, and Willet M. Hays, Assistant Secretary since 1905, was succeeded by Beverly T. Galloway, a member of the Department force for over 25 years, and Chief of the Bureau of Plant Industry since its organization in 1900. Dr. Galloway was succeeded by William A. Taylor as Chief of the Bureau of

ers' Bulletin, which will be reduced in size and will deal particularly with conditions in restricted sections. An agency has been provided for promptly disseminating information through the press and otherwise. The annual reports of the Department will be considerably abbreviated, and changes will be made in the character of the articles comprising the Yearbook. The more technical bulletins have been superseded by a Journal of Agricultural Research, a new organ for recording the scientific activities of the Department in form suited to those interested in the more strictly tech

nical aspects of agricultural investi- | increased to a total of $750,000. The gation.

the crop of 1,122,139,000 bu. was be-
low the record crop of 1912, although
the third largest in our history. The
yield of barley per acre was much
below that of 1912, and the total crop
of 173,301,000 bu. was about 50 mil-
lion bushels less than in 1912, the
record year. The rye crop is esti-
mated at 34,789,000 bu., nearly equal
to that of 1912. The condition of the
cotton crop on Sept. 25 was only 64
per cent. of normal, the lowest at
that date, with one exception, in 10
years. Drought was disastrous dur-
ing the summer, and the subsequent
rains came too late in many sections
to be of much benefit to the crop. All
surplus potato states, except Maine
and Colorado, indicate a materially
smaller production than last year,
pointing to a decrease of about 25
per cent.
The final estimate of the
Department of Agriculture, given in
tabular form on page 501, showed a
more favorable condition than the
October estimate, but did not alter the
record of decreases in all the prin-
cipal crops except wheat. (See also
XIII, Economic Conditions.)

The stations in a number of the states were greatly strengthened during the year, and in general they shared the prosperity of the agricultural colleges with which they are connected. They had available for their work a total of over $4,000,000, of which $1,545,000 came from the Federal Government and the remainder from state appropriations, fees, contributions, and sales. Of the total revenue, over a million dollars was expended for buildings and another half million for permanent equipment.

The largest development occurred in California, where the station work was reorganized, along with that of the College of Agriculture, and received a greatly increased appropriation from the state. The appropriation for the biennium was $700,000 for all branches of the agricultural work of the state university, including the experiment station and extension work, and in addition $60,000 for the purchase of land for a citrus substation in southern California, $100,000 for a laboratory building, and $25,000 for a residence and barns for the substation. It is planned to develop in southern California a high

ment upon all phases of citriculture.

Experiment Stations. The year was one of an unusual number of changes in the personnel of the ex-grade station for research and experiperiment stations. This is still one of the hindrances to be contended with, due to the excessive demand for well-trained men, resulting from the steady development of these institutions, and the higher standards of work. The directors of no less than 13 of the stations changed, and in 27 states, or fully half, there were important changes in the members of the staff. These members now aggregate about 1,600, an increasing number of whom give their attention in large measure or exclusively to the station work.

Dr. S. M. Babcock, agricultural chemist in the Wisconsin University and Station since 1888 and widely known for his development of the Babcock milk test and for a long list of important agricultural investigations, retired at the close of the college year at the age of 70, under the conditions of the Carnegie Foundation. He had been connected with experiment station work since 1882, when he became the first chemist in the newly established state station at Geneva, N. Y.

The Arizona legislature showed its appreciation of the experiment station by an appropriation of $87,800 for the biennium, including $30,000 for a new station farm in the Salt River Valley, $18,000 for dry farming, $10,000 for date palm experiments, and $4,500 for publications. In addition, $165,000 was provided for an agricultural building at the state university, in which the station will share. Iowa gave a large increase for the College of Agriculture, in addition to $40,000 for the station, $10,000 for veterinary investigation, $17,000 for the purchase of an experimental farm, and $40,000 for agricultural extension. The Kansas station received for the biennium $55,000 for maintenance, with $15,000 for the production and dissemination of improved seeds; and, in addition, $102,500 for six branch stations, two of which are new and located in the dry section of western Kansas. The legislature also provided for a state board of irrigation, on which the station is represented,

nical aspects of agricultural investi- | increased to a total of $750,000. The gation.