XII. MILITARY AND NAVAL ADMINISTRATION THE ARMY functions of the tactical divisions are distinct from those of the territorial Military Resources. The armed departments, a new departure in the forces of the United States consist of United States in time of peace. The the regular Army and the Organized duty of the former is to be prepared Militia, approximating 195,000 in in every respect to take the field strength. The census of 1910 re- without delay, fully equipped and ported 20,473,684 males of militia thoroughly trained; the duty of the age, 18 to 44 years; the reports of latter is to receive, train and equip the Adjutants-General of the several recruits and to secure the necessary states for 1913 give the number of supplies for the maintenance of the males available for service in the troops in the field and supervise their event of war as 16,127,357. It is shipment. Within ten days after the known that the census included males promulgation of the order directing of an age fitting them for service, but the reorganization it had a practical who are not available-aliens, per test when the Second Division was sons of unsound mind, criminals and ordered to concentrate on the Mexiothers disabled from various causes. can border; the order was carried Probably the enumeration of the out without affecting the administraAdjutants-General, while undoubtedly tion of the Central Department, from too small, is nearer the actual num- which most of the troops were drawn. in either event, it is certain In Hawaii a similar organization has that only about one per cent. of the been effected by separating the Hamales who may be called upon under waiian Department from the First the Constitution for military service | Hawaiian Brigade. In the Philipin time of war are receiving training pines the peculiar conditions have for such duty. made advisable the continuance of the old system. ber; Organization. Following the recommendations of the General Staff (4.) With the organization of the troops Y. B., 1912, p. 292), the regular Army of the mobile Army into tactical was reorganized on Feb. 15, 1913. The divisions, the Coast Artillery troops, old territorial divisions, with their formerly included in the commands mismated military units which could of the territorial divisions comnot possibly serve together in war, manders, were organized into three were discontinued. The mobile troops coast artillery districts for the United serving within the continental limits States proper; the North Atlantic of the United States were organized Coast Artillery District, embracing for purposes of training and inspec- all coast defenses from Maine to the tion into three tactical divisions of southern entrance of New York Harthe three arms combined and one bor inclusive; the South Atlantic cavalry division. At the same time, Artillery District, embracing the refour territorial departments were or- mainder of the Atlantic and Gulf ganized, with commanders and staffs coasts; and the Pacific Coast Artildifferent, as far as practicable with lery District, embracing all coast dethe number of officers available, from fenses on the Pacific Coast. While those of the tactical divisions. The these districts remained subject to neers to study the drainage plans sub- | be entered into for 1914. The result mitted by the Metropolitan Sewage appeared when bids were opened. The Commission, consisting of the five consulting engineers of the boroughs of the city, together with the Chief Engineer of the Board. present contractor proposed to charge the city $130,000 a year on a threeyear contract. The new forms of contracts, however, attracted a new conThe controversy with the state of tractor who offered to pay the city New Jersey, over the pollution of New $62,000 annually for three years for York Harbor by the projected Pas- the privilege of collecting the garbage. saic Valley Sewer, continued during Refuse Disposal in Philadelphia.the year. Plans for disposal near In order to provide for uniform recepRobbins Reef, which are now in proc-tacles and to simplify the collection ess of completion, are not approved by of rubbish the experiment has been the New York authorities, who fear made during the year of requiring the not only the pollution, but the shoal- contractor removing the waste to furing effect of the sludge. During the nish bags which are changed periodyear several New Jersey towns sought ically. The plan has worked successto withdraw entirely from the project, fully in a number of large cities in but were restrained by the courts. Europe. (See also XXIII, Civil Engineering.) Pollution of the Great Lakes.-The International Boundary Commission, composed of representatives of the United States and Canada, has given considerable attention during the year to the pollution of international waters, especially the Niagara River and parts of the Great Lakes. It has found a degree of pollution which indicates the necessity for federal action to protect the water supply of cities using these sources for domestic purposes. Niagara River water is found to be entirely unfit for use in a raw state. Refuse Disposal in New York.New York City has been paying very large sums annually for the disposal of its garbage, although the contractor has secured valuable by-products from its destruction. A special committee of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment worked with the Commissioner of Street Cleaning during 1913 to revise the proposal for contracts to Street Cleaning in New York.During the year a thoroughly scientific system of unit costs was installed in the Department of Street Cleaning in New York City. Careful reports are made daily by foremen in charge of various sections and these are analyzed and tabulated so as to secure units of cost for different classes of pavement and different methods of cleaning. The plan has been tried in the Borough of Richmond for several years and has worked so well that in the city budget for 1913 allowance was made to that borough of a lump sum for cleaning based upon the estimated number of units of work to be performed during the year instead of the ordinary form of budget segregated into salaries and supplies. The budget advisory staff of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment is studying the practical effects of this change and if it proves efficient the scheme will probably be extended in the 1914 budget. BIBLIOGRAPHY Commission Regulation of Public Utili- "Sewerage Systems in American Cities." XII. MILITARY AND NAVAL ADMINISTRATION THE ARMY Military Resources. - The armed forces of the United States consist of the regular Army and the Organized Militia, approximating 195,000 in strength. The census of 1910 reported 20,473,684 males of militia age, 18 to 44 years; the reports of the Adjutants-General of the several states for 1913 give the number of males available for service in the event of war as 16,127,357. It is known that the census included males of an age fitting them for service, but who are not available-aliens, per sons of unsound mind, criminals and others disabled from various causes. Probably the enumeration of the Adjutants-General, while undoubtedly too small, is nearer the actual numin either event, it is certain that only about one per cent. of the males who may be called upon under the Constitution for military service in time of war are receiving training for such duty. ber; Organization. Following the recommendations of the General Staff (A. Y. B., 1912, p. 292), the regular Army was reorganized on Feb. 15, 1913. The old territorial divisions, with their mismated military units which could not possibly serve together in war, were discontinued. The mobile troops serving within the continental limits of the United States were organized for purposes of training and inspection into three tactical divisions of the three arms combined and one cavalry division. At the same time, four territorial departments were organized, with commanders and staffs different, as far as practicable with the number of officers available, from those of the tactical divisions. The functions of the tactical divisions are distinct from those of the territorial departments, a new departure in the United States in time of peace. The duty of the former is to be prepared in every respect to take the field without delay, fully equipped and thoroughly trained; the duty of the latter is to receive, train and equip recruits and to secure the necessary supplies for the maintenance of the troops in the field and supervise their shipment. Within ten days after the promulgation of the order directing the reorganization it had a practical test when the Second Division was ordered to concentrate on the Mexican border; the order was carried out without affecting the administration of the Central Department, from which most of the troops were drawn. In Hawaii a similar organization has been effected by separating the_Hawaiian Department from the First Hawaiian Brigade. In the Philippines the peculiar conditions have made advisable the continuance of the old system. With the organization of the troops of the mobile Army into tactical divisions, the Coast Artillery troops, formerly included in the commands of the territorial divisions commanders, were organized into three coast artillery districts for the United States proper; the North Atlantic Coast Artillery District, embracing all coast defenses from Maine to the southern entrance of New York Harbor inclusive; the South Atlantic Artillery District, embracing the remainder of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts; and the Pacific Coast Artillery District, embracing all coast defenses on the Pacific Coast. While these districts remained subject to In the War Department the organization is as follows: The General Staff Corps, formed of selected officers detailed for not exceeding four years; The Adjutant-General's Department, with a few officers permanently assigned and the remainder detailed from the line; The Inspector-General's Department, similar in organization to the AdjutantGeneral's Department; The Judge Advocate-General's Department. The Quartermaster Corps, resulting from the consolidation, in November, 1912, of the Quartermaster, the Subsistence and the Pay Departments. The officers are in part permanently assigned and in part detailed from the line; The Medical Department; The Corps of Engineers; The Ordnance Department, with personnel part permanent and part detailed from the line; The Signal Corps, with personnel part permanent and part detalled from the line; and The Bureau of Insular Affairs. brigade of field artillery consists of two regiments. A regiment of infantry or cavalry consists of twelve companies or troops, with headquarters and band. The infantry regiment is subdivided into three battalions and the cavalry regiment into three squadrons for tactical training. Six machine guns accompany each regl ment, and, in the infantry, a mounted detachment of 21 men is attached to regimental headquarters. A regiment of field artillery consists of two battalions of three batteries each. To each regiment is attached a sanitary personnel varying from three officers and 21 men to four officers and 24 men. A company of infantry consists of three officers and 108 enlisted men. A troop of cavalry consists of three officers and 86 enlisted men. A battery of light or horse artillery has five officers and 171 enlisted men; a battery of mountain artillery, five officers field, horse, or mountain artillery has and 165 enlisted men. Each battery of four guns. A pioneer company of engineers has four officers and 164 enlisted men. A field company of the Signal Corps has four officers and 120 enlisted men and is divided into two radio sections and four wire sections. In the Coast Artillery Corps the tactical chain of command is from the district to the coast defense command, the battle command, the fire or mine command, to the battery. The company is the administrative unit. The strength of companies in the United States and Hawaii is three officers and 104 enlisted men; in the A tactical division normally com- Philippine Islands and the Canal prises: Three infantry brigades; One pioneer battalion of engineers: A cavalry division comprises: Two or more cavalry brigades; One field battalion of signal troops; Two field hospitals; One ammunition train: One supply train; and Two or more pack trains. Zone, three officers and 150 enlisted men. The number of companies assigned to a coast defense is decided by the Chief of Coast Artillery, depending upon the importance of the harbor to be defended, the armament to be cared for and the practicability of reënforcing the position, in case of war, with the Coast Artillery Reserves of the Organized Militia. In addition to the troops enumerated above there are 12 battalions of Philippine Scouts of four companies each and four additional companies not assigned to battalions. The authorized strength of the regular army is given in the accompanying table. It should be noted, however, that only organizations of the mobile army stationed in the insular possessions are maintained at full The strength of the different units strength; for example, the infantry is normally as follows: company within the continental limits of the United States is limited at A present to 65 enlisted men. A brigade of Infantry or cavalry consists normally of three regiments. 1 Under the Act of Congress approved Aug. 24, 1912, the 6,000 authorized enlisted men of the Quartermaster Corps are not to be counted as part of the strength of the Army. 2 Includes 91 first lieutenants of the Medical Reserve Corps on active duty and 60 dental surgeons. Under the Act of Congress approved March 1, 1887 (24 Stat. L., 435), the enlisted men of the Medical Department (Hospital Corps) are not to be counted as part of the strength of the Army. The authorized strength of the Hospital Corps is 3,500 enlisted men. Two coast artillery companies are under orders to take station in the Canal Zone. 2 1 1 |