V. THE NATIONAL ADMINISTRATION THE PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT President.-Woodrow Wilson, Dem- The President and Vice-President ocrat, was inaugurated twenty-eighth are elected for terms of four years President of the United States on by the state Electoral Colleges, whose March 4, succeeding William Howard membership is based on the CongressTaft, Republican, defeated for reëlec- ional apportionment. This apportiontion in the election of Nov. 5, 1912. ment is revised after each decennial Woodrow Wilson was born at Staun- census, as shown in the table in the ton, Va., on Dec. 28, 1856, the son of YEAR BOOK for 1912, p. 159. The the Rev. Joseph R. Wilson, a distin- official figures of the popular and guished scholar and clergyman of the electoral votes in the elections of 1908 Presbyterian Church of the South. His boyhood days were spent in Augusta, and 1912 are given on the following Ga., at Columbia, S. C., and Wilming page. The salary of the President is ton, N. C., where he prepared for col- $75,000, with an allowance of $25,lege with private tutors and at the 000 for traveling expenses. schools of these places. In 1874 he entered Davidson College, North Carolina, remained one year, and in the fall of 1875 went to Princeton College, from which he was graduated in the class of 1879. Following his graduation he entered the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va., as a law student, and was graduated in 1881. For two years he practiced law at Atlanta, Ga. In 1883 to 1885 he did graduate work at the Johns Hopkins University in political economy and history. Secretary to the President.-The Secretary to the President is Joseph Patrick Tumulty, whose appointment was announced on Feb. 3. He Joseph Patrick Tumulty was born in Jersey City, N. J., May 5, 1879. was educated in St. Bridget's parochial school and St. Peter's College, Jersey City, receiving the degree of B.A. in 1899. From 1885 to 1888 he was proAfter three years' study in atfessor of history and political econtorneys' offices he was admitted to the omy at Bryn Mawr College, and from bar, and in 1904 entered the legal partIn 1888 to 1890, professor in the same nership of Tumulty and Cutley. branches at Wesleyan University. In 1906 Mr. Tumulty was elected to the At the June, 1890, he was elected professor New Jersey House of Assembly. of jurisprudence and political economy end of his term in 1910 he became priat Princeton University; on the divi-vate secretary to Governor Wilson. Two sion of the department in 1895 he was years later Mr. Wilson appointed him assigned to the chair of jurisprudence. clerk of the Supreme Court of New JerIn 1897 he was promoted to the Mc-sey, but he continued to serve the Govas secretary until Mr. Wilson's Cormick professorship of jurisprudence enor In announcing and politics. On Aug. 1, 1902, Mr. Wil- resignation on March 1. son became president of the university. to the President on Feb. 3, the Presi his choice of Mr. Tumulty as Secretary He resigned both that office and his professorship on Oct. 20, 1910, immediately dent-elect made the sole exception to his rule of silence on prospective appointments. after his nomination for Governor of New Jersey, to which office he was elected on Nov. 8, 1910, by a plurality of 49,056 votes for the term Jan. 17, 1911. to Jan. 14, 1914. This office he resigned on March 1, 1913. He is author of the following works: Congressional Government, 1885; The State-Elements of Historical and Practical Politics, 1889: Division and Reunion, 1893: An Old Mas: ter, and Other Political Essays, 1893; Mere Literature and Other Essays, 1896; Life of George Washington, 1896; History of the American People, 1902; and Constitutional Government in the United States, 1908. A clause in the General Deficiency Appropriation Act approved on March 4 continues the salary of the Secretary to the President at $7,500 per year, to which it was raised from the statutory amount of $6,000 in 1911 at the request of President Taft. President Taft's Secretary was Charles W. Hilles, now chairman of the Republican National Committee. NOTE. In 1908 there were cast for Debs (Socialist), 420,820 votes; for Chafin (Prohibition), 252,683; for Hisgen (Independence League), 83,562; for Watson (Populist), 28,131; for Gillhaus (Socialist-Labor), 13,825. In 1912 there were cast for Chafin (Prohibitionist), 208,923 votes; for Reimer (Socialist-Labor), 29,079. The total vote in 1908 was 14,887,133; in 1912, 15,031,169; these figures do not include blank or void ballots or scattering votes for names not appearing on any electoral ticket. 1 Roosevelt electors not on ballot. 2 Taft electors not on ballot. Vice-President.-Thomas Riley Marshall, Democrat, was inaugurated Vice-President of the United States on March 4. Thomas Riley Marshall was born at North Manchester, Ind., March 14, 1854. He was graduated from Wabash College in 1873, and two years later was admitted to the bar. Mr. Marshall practiced law from 1875 to 1909 at Columbia City, Ind. In 1908 he was elected Governor of Indiana by a Democratic majority of about 15.000 for the term expiring on Jan. 1, 1913. The Vice-President presides over the Senate, with no vote except in case of a tie. His salary is $12,000. During the third session of the Sixtysecond Congress the office was vacant, through the death of James Schoolcraft Sherman on Oct. 30, 1912. The functions of the office were exercised alternate fortnights by two Presidents pro tempore of the Senate, Senators Augustus O. Bacon (Ga.) and Jacob M. Gallinger present President pro tempore, who presides in the absence of the VicePresident, is Senator James P. Clarke (Ark.). EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS Ten Cabinet officers, constituting the President's advisory council, each in charge of one of the great Departments of the Government, are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate, for a term subject to the President's pleasure. The tenth Department, the Department of Labor, was created in 1913 by Act of Congress approved March 4 (see infra; and I, American History). The salary of the Cabinet officers is $12,000 each. The terms of the members of President Taft's Cabinet expired on March 4. The members of the present Cabinet were nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate on March 5. By Act of Congress, in the case of vacancy in office of President through the death or removal of both President and VicePresident, the Cabinet officers succeed to the Presidency in the order indicated below. DEPARTMENT OF STATE Secretary of State.-William Jennings Bryan (Neb.) took the oath of office as Secretary of State on March 5, 1913, succeeding Philander Chase Knox (Pa.). William Jennings Bryan was born in Salem, Ill., March 19, 1860. He was graduated from Illinois College, Jack sonville, Ill., in 1881, and three years later received the degree of A.M. In 1883 he was graduated with the degree of LL.B. from Union College of Law. Chicago, was admitted to the bar, and began the practice of law at Jacksonville, where he remained until his removal to Lincoln, Neb., in 1887. Mr. Bryan was elected to Congress in 1890 to represent a district normally overwhelmingly Republican, was re (N. H.). The elected in 1892, but was defeated in House of Representatives (52d and 53d 1894. During his two terms in the Congresses, 1891-5), he was a member of the Ways and Means Committee, opposed with vigor the McKinley Tariff and the repeal of the silver purchase clause of the Sherman Act, and by his advocacy of the free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to 1, became the recognized leader of the "silver wing" of the Democratic party. In 1893 he received the Democratic US Senator, and the next year was vote in the Nebraska legislature for nominated for the same office in the Democratic convention, but was defeated in the legislature. After his retirement from Congress he edited for two years (1894-6) the Omaha World-Herald. In the Democratic National Convention of 1896, Mr. Bryan's eloquence in the famous "cross of gold" speech, advocating the adoption of a free-coinage plank, secured him the nomination for President. After a remarkable personal campaign, he was defeated by William McKinley by 271 electoral votes to 176. In 1900 he was nominated by the Democratic. Populist, and Silver Republican parties, and was again defeated by McKinley, on the issues of free coinage and "imperialism," by 292 electoral votes to 155. After this second defeat Mr. Bryan founded, in January, 1901, his weekly political magazine, the Commoner. His leadership was for a time obscured, but in 1908 he was again nominated for President by the Democratic party, and suffered, at the hands of Wm. H. Taft, a third defeat, by 321 electoral votes to 162, this time on the issue of the trust He remained, however, question. very important factor in national polities, and his support in the Democratic National Convention of 1912 secured the nomination for Woodrow Wilson (A. Y. B.. 1912, p. 18). a reversal of policy in regard to the Chi- He was admitted to the bar in 1885. nese loan (see I, American History; and and practiced law in Chattanooga until III, International Relations). Mr. Os- his removal to New York in 1892. Here borne, whose nomination was confirmed he formed with Wm. McAdoo a parton April 21, was Governor of Wyoming nership for the practice of law under 1893-97 and Representative in Congress the firm name of McAdoo and Mc1897-99. Adoo, which subsisted until 1903. In Second Assistant Secretary.-Alvey 1902 Mr. McAdoo organized the New A. Adee, D. C. $4,500. Third Assistant Secretary. $4,500. Dudley Field Malone (N. Y.) was appointed Third Assistant Secretary of State in 1913, succeeding Chandler Hale (Me.), resigned. He was confirmed on Nov. 13 as Collector of Customs at New York. His successor has not been appointed. Director of the Consular Service.— Wilbur J. Carr, N. Y. $4,500. Counselor.-John Bassett Moore, N. Y. $6,000. Mr. Moore was formerly professor of international law at Columbia Univer sity. He was confirmed on April 21, succeeding Chandler P. Anderson (N. Solicitor. Joseph W. Folk, Mo. $5, Y.), resigned. 000. Mr. Folk was Governor of Missouri, 1905-9. He was confirmed on Sept. 22, succeeding Joshua R. Clark (Utah), who resigned March 4. Bureau of Accounts.-Chief, William McNeir. $2,300. Mr. McNeir was appointed in 1913, succeeding Thomas Morrison, resigned. Bureau of Appointments.-Chief, M. M. Shand, N. J. $2,100. Bureau of Citizenship.-Chief, Richard W. Flournoy, Jr., Md. $2.100. Consular Bureau.-Chief, Herbert C. Hengstler, Ohio. $2,250. Diplomatic Bureau.-Chief, Sydney Y. Smith, D. C. $2,250. Bureau of Indexes and Archives.Chief, John R. Buck, Me. $2,100. Bureau of Rolls and Library.-Chief, John A. Tonner, O. $2,100. Division of Latin American Affairs. -Chief, Boaz W. Long. $4,500. Mr. Long was appointed in 1913. succeeding Wm. T. S. Doyle, resigned. Division of Far-Eastern Affairs.Chief. Ransford S. Miller, N. Y. $4,500. Division of Near-Eastern Affairs.Asst. Chief, Albert H. Putney. $2.500. Mr. Putney was appointed in 1913, the office being vacant. Division of Information. Chief, James was appointed in 1913. succeeding Swelton L. Brown, resigned. TREASURY DEPARTMENT Secretary of the Treasury.-William Gibbs McAdoo (N. Y.) took the oath of office as Secretary of the Treasury on March 6, 1913, succeeding Franklin MacVeagh (Ill.). William Gibbs McAdoo was born near Marietta, Ga., Oct. 31, 1863. He entered the University of Tennessee, but left in 1882, at the end of his junior year. to become deputy clerk of the U. S. Circuit Court for the Southern Division, Eastern District of Tennessee. York and New Jersey Railroad Company, which constructed under the Hudson River between New York and Jersey City the tunnel system now owned and operated by the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Co. Of the latter company he was president from its formation in 1903 to his retirement to enter the Cabinet in 1913. Mr. McAdoo was one of the earliest supporters of Mr. Wilson for the Presidency, and, as acting chairman of the Democratic National Committee, took a very prominent part in the campaign of 1912. Charged with management of the national finances. He prepares plans for improvement of the revenue and support of the public credit; superintends collection of the revenue; grants warrants for all moneys paid from and into the Treasury; conings; coinage and printing of money; trols construction of public buildand the administration of the lifelic health service. saving, revenue cutter, and the pub S. Assistant Secretaries.-Charles Hamlin, Mass., in charge of customs; John Skelton Williams, Va., in charge of fiscal bureaus; Byron R. Newton, N. Y., in charge of public buildings and miscellaneous. $5,000 each. Mr. Hamlin was Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in Cleveland's second term; he was confirmed July 28, sucsigned Aug. 1. ceeding James F. Curtis (Mass.), reMr. Williams, a prominent banker of Richmond, Va., was confirmed March 17, succeeding Robert O. Bailey, D. C., resigned. Mr. Newton, formerly private secretary to Mr. McAdoo, was confirmed Sept. 29, succeeding Sherman P. Allen (Vt.), resigned. deroth, $6,000. Charged with superinSupervising Architect.-Oscar Wentending the construction and repair of public buildings. Engraving and Printing. Chief of Produces all the securities and similar Bureau, Joseph E. Ralph, Ill.. $6,000. work of the Government printed from steel plates. Secret Service.-Chief William J. Flynn, New York. $4,000. Charged with detection of counterfeiting, and similar frauds on the Government. Comptroller of the Treasury.-George E. Downey, Ind. $6,000. Construes the laws relating to appropriations and methods of rendering and stating ac counts. in Lawrence O. Murray (N. Y.) resigned as Comptroller of the Currency April; no appointment has been made, the duties of the office being exercised by Thomas P. Kane, Deputy Comptroller. Internal Revenue.-Commissioner William H. Osborn, N. C. $6,000. General supervision of the collection of all internal revenue taxes, including the income tax, and the enforcement of internal revenue laws. Mr. Osborn was confirmed April 24, succeeding Royal E. Cabell (Va.), resigned. The Mint-Director, George E. Roberts. Ia. $5.000. General supervision of the mints and assay offices. Public Health Service. — Surg.-General Rupert Blue. $6,000. Charged with the framing and enforcement of regulations for the prevention of the introduction and spread of contagious diseases; supervision of the quarantine service of the United States, and of the marine hospitals. WAR DEPARTMENT Secretary of War.-Lindley Miller Garrison, N. J., took the oath of office as Secretary of War on March 5, 1913, succeeding Henry Lewis Stimson (N. Y.). Lindley Miller Garrison was born in Camden, N. J., Nov. 28, 1864. After graduation from preparatory school, followed by a year in the Harvard Law School, he entered the service of a law firm in Philadelphia and completed his legal studies in the University of Pennsylvania. In 1886 he was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar, and began the practice of law in Philadelphia. Two years later he was admitted to the New Jersey bar as an attorney, and as a counselor in 1892. Mr. Garrison practiced law in Jersey City until 1904, the last six years as a member of the firm of Garrison, McManus and Enright, which he founded in 1898. In 1904 he was appointed to the office of vice-chancellor, and was reappointed on the expiry of his term in 1911, holding the office until he entered the Cabi net in 1913. Charged with supervision of national defense, and army expenditures. Assistant Secretary of War.-Henry S. Breckinridge, Ky. $5,000. Mr. Breckinridge was confirmed on April 28. succeeding Robert Shaw Oliver (N. Y.), resigned. The General Staff.-Chief, Maj.-Gen. Leonard Wood. Charged with preparation of plans for the national defense, and the promotion of the efficiency of the Army. The chiefs of the military bureaus are as follows: Adjutant-General.-Brig.-Gen. Inspector-General.-Brig.-Gen. George E. A. Brig.-Gen. E. H. Crowder. $6,000. In November, 1912, the offices of the Paymaster-General and the CommissaryGeneral were consolidated with that of the Quartermaster-General; General Aleshire was continued in charge of the enlarged department (see also XII, The Army). G. H. Surgeon-General.-Brig.-Gen. Torney. $6,000. Chief of Engineers.-Brig.-Gen. Dan C. Kingman. $6,000. General Kingman succeeded Gen. William H. Bixby in 1913. Chief of Ordnance.-Brig.-Gen. William Crozier. $6,000. Brig.-Gen. Chief Signal Officer. George P. Scriven. $6,000. General Scriven succeeded Gen. James Allen in 1912. Chief of Bureau of Insular Affairs.Brig.-Gen. Frank McIntyre. $6,000. Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors. Col. William M. Black, president. A permanent body which investigates in their engineering and economic aspects all surveys and river and harbor improvements proposed by Congress. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Attorney-General. James Clark McReynolds took the oath of office as Attorney-General on March 5, 1913, succeeding George Woodward Wickersham (N. Y.). James Clark McReynolds was born in Elkton, Ky., July 23, 1862. He was graduated from Vanderbilt University with the degree of B.S. in 1882, and from the law department of Virginia two years later. From his admission to the bar in 1884 until 1903 he practiced law in Nashville, Tenn., serving as professor in the law school of Vanderbilt University from 1900 to 1903. In 1903 Mr. McReynolds was appointed by President Roosevelt an assistant attorney-general of the United States. resigned this office in 1907 and engaged in private practice in New York, but was retained by the Government as special assistant attorney-general in the anti-trust prosecution of the American Tobacco Company, which he brought to a successful conclusion in 1911. He |