Third Hague Conference.-Although there has been general inertia in regard to the calling of the Third Hague Conference, which, by a resolution adopted in 1907, was expected to meet in 1915, first being preceded by the work of a preliminary committee called two years in advance, an effort is gathering force to induce the United States or some other Government to take steps toward having the nations assembled. Several nations have appointed official national committees on the subject of the programme, but an international committee has not yet been formed. The American ap pointees of President Taft (J. Reuben Clark, Jr., chairman; Gen. Enoch H. Crowder, Judge-Advocate-General of the U. S. Army; and Rear-Admiral Wainwright, U. S. Navy) have recently submitted their report to the Department of State. So far as a consensus of opinion is available, it may be said that the programme of the conference is likely to include some attempt at the codification of international law, an effort to devise a plan by which the judges of the Court of Arbitral Justice may be appointed, a discussion of the question of aerial warfare, a code for the regulation of maritime warfare, a prohibition against war loans to belligerents by neutral nations, and a discussion of sanctions to prevent the violation of international law. A discussion was instituted at the Interparliamentary Union for the extension of the system of permanent neutralization to small countries other than those which, like Belgium and Switzerland, have adopted this plan. An effort was also made at the Interparliamentary Union to enlarge the range of topics for discussion from matters relating purely to arbitration and peace, and so in crease the scope of the international order. It The Bryan Peace Plan.-The most popular peace project of the year is that which is known as the Bryan plan, the spokesman for which is Secretary Bryan himself. This plan provides for treaties by which the United States shall institute with other nations a system of permanent international commissions of inquiry, on the general principle of the commission adopted by the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907, but with certain advanced features which these conventions do not contain. The Bryan plan, like article three of the arbitration treaties of President Taft, provides that in case diplomacy has failed to adjust any international difference, the dispute may be taken to a permanent international commission of inquiry for impartial investigation. The plan provides for a commission of five members, one from each contracting country, one chosen by each contracting country from some other country, and one chosen by these four. gives the commission authority to take the initiative. While a question is being considered by the commission, governments which are parties to the dispute shall neither declare war nor increase their armaments, but the clause in regard to the truce of armaments will not apply if one of the countries becomes menaced in a dispute with a third country. It is understood that in the matter of details considerable liberty will be allowed, and therefore all the treaties that may be adopted by the United States embodying the Bryan plan may not be uniform in character, though they will contain the general principle of an investigation by an impartial commission, the report of which will not bind the governments to arbitration or any other action, although it is expected to enable the governments to see for themselves what course of procedure to take. At the time of President Wilson's message to Congress on Dec. 2, the Bryan plan, which was first proposed at a conference of the Diplomatic Corps in Washington soon after the new Administration came into power, had been adopted in principle by 31 Governments. Four of these, Salvador, Guatemala, Panama, and Honduras, have embodied it in treaties with the United States. The Bryan plan was unanimously endorsed by both the Universal Peace Congress and the Interparliamentary Union. International Arbitrations.-It may be said that arbitrations are being held somewhere all the time. Many of these are minor cases which are dealt with by special tribunals and relate to boundary questions or to claims. On May 6, 1913, the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague gave its award on the case between France and Italy, arising over seizure of the ships Carthage and Manouba (see supra). The awards in each question were in favor of France. In the case of a question of delimita tion, arising between Holland and Portugal over their respective boundaries in the island of Timor, the dispute, instead of being submitted to the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague, was given to the President of the Swiss Confederation. A special tribunal, erected by the United States and Great Britain for the adjudication of pecuniary claims, consisting of Sir Charles Fitzpatrick of Canada for Great Britain and Chandler P. Anderson, former Counsellor to the State Department, for the United States, with M. Henri Fromageot of France as third arbiter, began its sessions in May, having on the docket about 300 cases. (See also International Relations, supra.) PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION The Panama-Pacific Exposition, au- | comprises 635 acres, and is divided thorized by Act of Congress as the into three sections. nation's celebration of the construction of the Panama Canal, is officially located in San Francisco, Cal. By proclamation of the President of the United States all nations are invited to participate therein. The Panama Canal, by affording a more direct waterway from Europe and the Americas to the Orient, will, it is felt, advance the commerce of the world, promote universal peace, and elevate humanity. As a consequence of changing routes of ocean travel, new migrations of men will take place. new areas of productivity will develop, new cosmopolitan cities will arise, and new financial and trade connections will be established. The location of the celebration on the Pacific slope of North America, on the line of what is termed "the meeting place of the East and the West," has been chosen as that which will best enable an exposition to illustrate and emphasize the good work of the Canal. The site chosen is one of the most beautiful to be found in the United States, facing north on the Bay of San Francisco, with majestic mountains in the distance, rising behind the picturesque heights of the city. Ocean-going vessels may discharge cargoes at the grounds and a standard-gauge railway running through them will transport carload lots directly into the buildings. The site In the center, compacted into a group, and separated by connecting courts and avenues, are placed the great exhibit palaces, 11 in number, each representing a department in the industrial classification, as follows: Machinery Hall, Varied Industries, Manufactures, Liberal Arts, Education and Social Economy, Food Products, Agriculture, Transportation, Mines and Metallurgy, Horticulture, to which is added Festival Hall. Eight of these palaces form a parallelogram, their façades modified to form the walls of the intervening courts, their architectural features harmonized into a noble and beautiful picture. Over the whole is lavished a color scheme, caught from California sun, sea and shore and specially designed by one of the world's masters in color. The dominating feature of the architecture is a seven-storied tower, called the "Tower of Jewels." rising over the south main entrance to a height of 410 ft. The palaces are entirely adequate to a display of the world's resources and products. They are constructed of an imitation of Travertine marble, the prevailing tone of which is old ivory. The courts are highly ornamented by colonnade, statue, fountain and mural painting. More than 250 groups of statuary are attractively placed within the grounds. To the east of this central section, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, the Philippines, Porto Rico, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming. 65 acres are devoted to the amusement | Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, concessions, all of which have been selected for their educative as well as entertainment value, some of them representing an original outlay of a quarter of a million dollars. To the west, spreading fan-shaped along the bay, is the section devoted to the pavilions of the foreign nations and of the states; while still beyond these lie the aviation and athletic field; the drill grounds, capable of showing ten thousand troops in drill at the same time; and the stock yards, buildings and racetrack. The Exposition is endowed by an initial appropriation of approximately $20,000,000 from the state of California and counties and the city of San Francisco and its citizens. Based on the history of previous expositions ⚫ and the present outlook for this, it is estimated that more than $80,000,000 will be expended, as follows: $5,000,000 Although most conventions and congresses fix their meeting place but one year in advance, already more than 180 of these bodies have named San Francisco for 1915. Among the most prominent of these are: International Congress on Education. International Efficiency Congress. International Congress on Marketing and Farm Credits. International Electrotechnical mission. International Electrical Congress. Com International Engineering Congress. International Congress of Authors and Woman's World Congress of Missions. Association of American Universities. American Society of Mechanical En American Gas Institute. Appropriation by state of 5,000,000 7,000,000 Congress on Marriage and Divorce. Foreign governments (esti American Historical Association. mated) 10,000,000 Association of Collegiate Alumnæ. States of the United States gineers. 2,000,000 U. S. Government (estimated) 1,000,000 Thirty-one foreign nations have announced their intention to participate, as follows: Argentine, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chili, China, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Guatemala, Hayti,| Holland, Honduras, Italy, Japan, Liberia, Mexico, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Persia, Peru, Portugal, Salvador, Spain, Sweden, Uruguay, Venezuela. Great Britain, Germany, and Russia have officially declined to participate, but their decision may be reversed under pressure of public demand. Thirty-five states and territories of the United States also have announced their intention to participate, namely: Arizona, Colorado, Astronomical and Astrophysical Soclety of America. International Association of Labor Commissioners. American Electrochemical Society. National Association of Railway Commissioners. American Society of Animal Nutrition. American Institute of Electrical Engineers. National Academy of Political and Social Science. American Home Economic Association. Insurance Commissioners' National Association. American Academy of Medicine. The Exposition will be open from Feb. 20 to Dec. 4, 1915. Its plan is already completely wrought out. The architectural, sculptural, color and electrical adornment is being applied. All exhibit palaces are under construction and will be finished by July, 1914. The four divisions, works, exhibits, concessions and exploitation, are organized in force, and it is expected that all preparations will be completed well in advance of the opening date. INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES AND EXPOSITIONS International Congresses.-Below is ! a list of the important international congresses and conferences of the year. Many of the congresses are given extended notice in other departments of the YEAR BOOK, complete references to which will be found in the Index. April 23. Factory Inspection, Chicago, May 6. Fire Engineers (forty-first annual), New York, Sept. 1-6. Fishery (sixth), Ostend, Aug. 18-20. Food Products, Cooking and Hygiene (second), Lyons, May 1-18. Geographical (tenth), Rome, March 27. Geological (twelfth), Toronto, Canada, Aug. 7-14. Historical Studies, London, April 3-9. Housing, The Hague, September. Infant Mortality, London, Aug. 4-5. International Associations (second), Brussels, June 15-19. International Law (twenty-sixth), Oxford, Aug. 4-9. Interparliamentary Union (eighteenth), The Hague, Sept. 3-5. Jurists, Berlin, Feb. 10-11. Literary and Artistic Property third), The Hague, July 16-19. Medicine, London, Aug. 6-12. Pan-American (sixth), Lima. Peace (twentieth), The Hague, Aug. 20-23. Physical Culture, Paris, March 18-20. Physiological (ninth), Groningen, Physiotherapy (fourth), Berlin, March Sept. 2-6. 26-30. Polar Commission, Rome, April. Psychology (second), Paris, March 25. Refrigeration (third), Washington and Chicago, Sept. 15-24. Religious Progress, Paris, July. Saccharine and Analogous Substances, Paris, Feb. 3. School Hygiene (fourth), Buffalo, Aug. 25-30. Students (eighteenth), Buffalo, Aug. 29-Sept. 20. 15. Sunday School (seventh), Zurich, July Woman 15-20. White Slave Traffic (fifth), London, July. Suffrage, Budapest, July Woman Suffrage, Men's League for (second), Budapest, June 15-20. Woman's Christian Temperance Union (ninth), Brooklyn, Oct. 23-28. International Expositions.-A general international exposition was held at Ghent, from April to November. The important special expositions were as follows: Art (eleventh), Munich, June-October. Automobiles (fourth), St. Petersburg, May 20-June 3. Building, Leipzig, May-October. Fire Prevention, New York, Sept. 1-6. Flower Show, New York, April 5-12. Graphic Arts, Amsterdam, July 15Sept. 15. Hygiene, Lima, Nov. 2-Dec. 31. Industrial Motors, Parma, June-Oc- (thirty-tober. Neurology (third), Ghent, Aug. 20. Olive Growers, Ajaccio, Oct. 7-13. Opium Conference, The Hague, July 1-9. 6-28. Safety and Sanitation, New York, Dec. 11. Watering Places and Vacation Resorts, Vichy, May 5-Oct. 15. IV. FOREIGN AFFAIRS LATIN AMERICA 1 ALBERT HALE During 1913 peace in Latin America | Carnegie Endowment for International was vitally disturbed only in Mexico. Peace, reached Brazil in October and Interest was keenly aroused by the election of Mr. Wilson and the probable selection of Mr. Bryan as Secretary of State. Much discussion was therefore provoked by President Wilson's statement on March 11. Its chief paragraph was as follows: We can have no sympathy with those who seek to seize the power of government to advance their own personal interests or ambition. We are the friends of peace, but we know that there can be no lasting peace in such circumstances. As friends we shall prefer those who act In the interest of peace and honor, who protect private rights and respect the restraints of constitutional provision. While no particular nation is therein mentioned, the significance of the address lies in its application to the Republics of Latin America, and is related, in its essence, to the present Administration's interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine. The suspicion of the American Republics was not, however, altogether allayed by some of the practical steps deemed necessary by the Administration, and as the year ended there was evidence that those who were enemies of the policy of the United States had a considerable following in Latin America. One contributary cause to this was the constant effort maintained by the PanLatin, Manuel Ugarte, in his writings and public utterances, to oppose what he called the "imperialism" of the United States. Forces against such a misunderstanding, but by no means directed intentionally toward that end, were observed through the tour in South America undertaken by Robert Bacon, formerly Ambassador to France, who, as representative of the delivered addresses in many of the capitals of South America, his purpose being to arouse the sympathy of all serious students to the benefits of international understanding and the resultant adherence to peaceful methods in all international relation ships. Ex-President Roosevelt left New York on October 4 for Brazil and Argentina, where he was to deliver, on the invitations of the Governments, public addresses on topics of great international significance. The writer also, under the direction of the Pan-American Union, spent the in South America, giving public conlatter half of 1912 and a part of 1913 ferences with the official support of various Governments, on the PanAmerican Union and its unique activities in behalf of better friendship and commercial interchange. Gen. Rafael Reyes, a former president of Colombia, also traveled in South America, delivering addresses on Pan-Americanism. Delegates from the Boston Chamber of Commerce spent three months in South America, where they were entertained hospitably, returning with sincere regard for the peoples there. Similar tours by other commercial bodies were planned, as the United States trade with Latin America has 1 In this presentation of the year's events in Latin America, no particular attention is given to the foreign relations of any Republic, nor to the diplomatic intercourse between them and the United States, for a review of which reference should be had to the preceding Department, International Relations. In so far as is possible, their internal progress is here reported, and political affairs noted internal conditions. only when they seem to have influenced |