Greenman. Jesse More, M.S., Ph.D.: TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY. Associate Professor of Botany, Washington University; Curator of Herbarium, Missouri Botanical Garden. Gunn, Selskar Michael, S.B.: PUBLIC HEALTH AND HYGIENE. Assistant Professor of Sanitary Biology and Public Health, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Secretary, American Public Health Association; Managing Editor, American Journal of Public Health. Hale, Albert, A.B.: LATIN AMERICA. Chief Compiler, Pan American Union. Hale, Edward Everett, A.B., Ph.D.: AMERICAN LITERATURE. Hall, Robert Dawson: COAL, COKE, AND PETROLEUM. Harden, Fred Geer, M.A.: RECLAMATION. Scientific Assistant, Office of Irrigation Investigations, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Harrison, Richard Compton, A.M., LL.B.: PUBLIC SERVICES. Formerly Assistant Counsel, Public Service Commission, First District of New York; Deputy Commissioner of Docks, New York. Hatch, Leonard Williams, A.M., Ph.D.: LABOR. Chief Statistician, New York State Department of Labor. Haynes, Rowland, M.A.: RECREATION. Field Secretary, Playground and Recreation Association of America. Heidel, William Arthur, Ph.D.: Professor of Greek, Wesleyan University. Hofman, Heinrich O., E.M., Met. E., Ph.D.: LEAD. Professor of Metallurgy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Holcombe, Arthur Norman, Ph.D.: POPULAR GOVERNMENT. Assistant Professor of Government, Harvard University. Hooker, W. A., B.S., D.V.M.: DISEASES OF LIVE STOCK; ECONOMIC Editor for economic entomology and veterinary science, Experiment Huber, G. Carl, M.D.: ANATOMY. Professor of Histology and Embryology, University of Michigan. Huebner, Grover G., Ph.D.: TRADE, TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION. Assistant Professor of Transportation and Commerce, University of Pennsylvania. Huebner, Solomon S., Ph.D.: ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND THE CONDUct of BUSINESS; PROPERTY AND CASUALTY INSURANCE. Professor of Insurance and Commerce, University of Pennsylvania. Huntoon, Louis Doremus, E.M., M.A.: GOLD AND SILVER. Consulting Mining Engineer; Chairman, New York Section, Ameri- Iglehart, Ferdinand C., D.D.: THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND PROBLEM. Ingalls, R.: RURAL CREDITS. Author and Specialist in Rural Credit Systems. Ingalls, Walter Renton, S.B.: ZINC. Editor, Engineering and Mining Journal. Isaacs, Abram S., A.M., Ph.D.: JUDAISM. Professor of Semitic Languages, New York University. Jastrow, Morris, Jr., Ph.D.: SEMITIC PHILOLOGY AND LITERATURE. Joerg, Wolfgang L. G.: CARTOGRAPHY. Assistant Editor, Bulletin of the American Geographical Society. Johnson, Alexander: PREVENTION, CORRECTION, AND CHARITY. Director, Extension Department, Training School, Vineland, N. J. Jordan, Harvey Ernest, M.A., Ph.D.: ZOOLOGY. Professor of Histology and Embryology, University of Virginia. Kemmerer, Edwin Walter, A.B., Ph.D.: BANKING AND CURRENCY. Professor of Economics and Finance, Princeton University. Kent, Roland G., A.M., Ph.D.: INDO-EUROPEAN PHILOLOGY. Assistant Professor of Comparative Philology, University of Pennsylvania; Lecturer in Sanskrit, Bryn Mawr College. Kilbourne, Charles Evans, C.E.: THE ARMY. Captain, Coast Artillery Corps, U. S. Army. Knapp, Charles, A.M., Ph.D.: LATIN LITERATURE. Professor of Classical Philology, Columbia University. Assistant Editor, Experiment Station Record, U. S. Department of Knopf, Adolf, M.S., Ph.D.: Geologist, United States Geological Survey. Professor of Clinical Medicine, Cornell University. Langfeld, Herbert Sidney, Ph.D.: PSYCHOLOGY. Instructor in Psychology, Harvard University. Laughlin, Henry Hamilton: EUGENICS. Superintendent, Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. Lee, Algernon: SOCIALISM. Educational Director, Rand School of Social Science, New York. Littlehales, George Washington, C.E.: OCEANOGRAPHY. Hydrographic Engineer, U. S. Hydrographic Office. Lloyd, David, A.M., LL.B.: PAINTING, SCULPTURE AND HANDICRAFTS. Former Editor of the International Studio and Art Editor of the New York Evening Post. Locke, Charles E., S.B.: MINING AND ORE DRESSING. Assistant Professor of Mining Engineering and Metallurgy, Massa- MacCurdy, George Grant, Ph.D.: ANTHROPOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. McIntyre, Frank: TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES. Brigadier General, U. S. Army; Chief, Bureau of Insular Affairs, Martin, Thomas Commerford: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. Former Editor, Electrical World; Secretary, National Electric Light Mathews, John Mabry, A.B., Ph.D.: STATE AND COUNTY GOVERNMENT. Associate in Political Science, University of Illinois. Meltzer, Samuel James, M.D., LL.D.: PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY. Head of the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Mendenhall, Charles Elwood, B.S., Ph.D.: PHYSICS. Professor of Physics, University of Wisconsin. Mikell, William E., B.S.: CRIMINAL LAW. Professor of Law, University of Pennsylvania. Moore, Clifford Herschel, Ph.D.: ANCIENT LITERATURE. Professor of Latin, Harvard University. Morse, Elisha Wilson, B.A.S.: DAIRYING; LIVE STOCK. Compiler and Editor, Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Moses, Montrose J., B.S.: THE DRAMA. Journalist and Dramatic Critic. Munroe, Charles E., Ph.D., LL.D., F.C.S.: PATENTS AND INVENTIONS. Professor of Chemistry and Dean, Faculty of Graduate Studies, George Washington University. Nelson, John M., B.S., Ph.D.: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Instructor in Organic Chemistry, Columbia University. Nickerson, J. F.: INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF REFRIGERATION. Editor, Ice and Refrigeration; Secretary, American Association of Nolen, John, Ph.B., A.M., Sc.D.: LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE. Palache, Charles, B.S., Ph.D.: MINERALOGY AND PETROGRAPHY. Perry, Ralph Barton, A.M., Ph.D.: PHILOSOPHY. Professor of Philosophy, Harvard University. Powers, Sidney, B.A., S.M.: DYNAMIC AND STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University. Ramage, Burr James, M.A., Ph.D.: DOCKS, WHARVES AND WATERFRONTS. Bureau of Corporations, Department of Commerce. Reid, Harry Fielding, C.E., Ph.D.: EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES. Professor of Dynamical Geology and Geography, Johns Hopkins Rice, Calvin Winsor, S.B.: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. Secretary, American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Ross, William Horace, M.Sc., Ph.D.: AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. Scientist in Soil Investigations, Bureau of Soils, U. S. Department of Assistant Professor of Metallurgy, Lehigh University; Assistant Russell, Henry Norris, Ph.D.: ASTRONOMY. Professor of Astronomy, Princeton University. Schieffelin, William Jay, Ph.B., Ph.D.: THE DRUG PROBLEM. President, Schieffelin and Company, New York; Chairman, Executive Committee, Committee of One Hundred on Public Health, American Association for the Advancement of Science. Shenton, Herbert Newhard, A.M., B.D.: SOCIOLOGY. Assistant in Sociology, Columbia University. Shumway, Daniel Bussier, B.S., Ph.D.: GERMANIC LITERATURE. Sinclair, John G.: ORGANIC EVOLUTION. Assistant, Desert Botanical Laboratory, Tucson, Ariz.; Assistant, Smith, Anna Tolman: EDUCATION AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. Smith, Ethel Marion: FISHERIES. Editor, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. Smith, George Otis, Ph.D.: U. S. GEOLOGICal Survey. Souther, Henry, S.B.: AUTOMOBILES. President, Henry Souther Engineering Company; Vice-President, Spargo, John: SYNDICALISM. Author, Socialism, a Summary and Interpretation of Socialist Principles, Syndicalism, Industrial Unionism and Socialism, etc. Steuart, William M., LL.B., LL.M.: MANUFACTURES. Chief Statistician for Manufactures, U. S. Census Bureau. Stoughton, Bradley, B.S., Ph.B.: IRON AND STEEL. Secretary, American Institute of Mining Engineers. Strong, Wendell M., M.A., Ph.D., LL.B.: LIFE INSURANCE. Associate Actuary, Mutual Life Insurance Company, New York. Tower, William Lawrence, Sc.B.: ORGANIC EVOLUTION. Associate Professor of Zoology, University of Chicago. Tryon, James Libby, A.B., B.D., L.L.B., Ph.D.: PEACE AND ARBITRATION. Secretary, Massachusetts Peace Society; Director, New England Department, American Peace Society. Van Metre, Thurman William, A.M., Ph.D.: WATERWAYS. Instructor in Transportation and Commerce, University of Penn- Ward, Robert DeCourcy, A.M.: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY. Warren, Lloyd, B.A., Ph.B., A.D.G.: ARCHITECTURE. Architect. Wickware, Francis Graham, B.A., B.Sc.: AMERICAN HISTORY; FOREIGN Wight, Frank Clinton, C.E.P.: CIVIL ENGINEERING. Associate Editor, Engineering News. Willcox, Walter F., Ph.D., LL.D.: POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION. Chief, Division of Economics and Sociology, New York Public Wilson, Edwin Bidwell, Ph.D.: MATHEMATICS. Professor of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Withrow, James Renwick, B.S., Ph.D.: INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY. Professor of Industrial Chemistry, Ohio State University. Wollstein, Martha, M.D.: PATHOLOGY AND BACTERIOLOGY. Associate of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research; Pathologist to the Babies' Hospital, New York. Woodburn, James Albert, A.M., Ph.D., LL.D.: POLITICS AND PARTIES. Secretary, National Municipal League; Editor, National Municipal Woodworth, Jay Backus, B.S.: DYNAMIC AND STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY. Wyer, James Ingersoll, Jr., B.L.S., M.L.S.: LIBRARIES. THE AMERICAN YEAR BOOK A RECORD OF EVENTS AND PROGRESS I. AMERICAN HISTORY FRANCIS G. WICKWARE American history has been made in ciples has been developed a definite 1913 more rapidly than in any other Latin-American policy, which has year since the beginning of the cen- been put to a severe test in the relatury. After sixteen years of Repub- tions between the United States and lican rule, a Democratic Administra- Mexico. tion has come into power, inspired with new ideals and dominated by the earnest and powerful personality of President Wilson. In ten months of office the new Administration has effected a real and extensive downward revision of the tariff, has introduced the new principle of the income tax into Federal finance, and has placed upon the statute books a new banking and currency law. At the same time, the new Administration has foreshadowed radical changes in our policy toward the Philippines, and has established new and definite principles of action in dealings with foreign states. Out of these new prin In the following pages is outlined the legislative and administrative history of the year-the legislative record of the final session of the Sixty-second Congress and the remarkable programme of the first session of the Sixty-third, and the policies and achievements of the Republican and Democratic Administrations. The political and party history of the year is treated in a subsequent article (see Politics and Parties, infra), while the international relations of the United States are reserved for consideration in a separate department (see III, International Relations). THE SIXTY-SECOND CONGRESS The Third Session. The third and session affecting commerce amended final session of the Sixty-second Con- the Interstate Commerce Act of Feb. gress opened on Dec. 2, 1912, and 4, 1887, by the addition of a new ended at noon on March 4. Its work section (19a) "providing for a valuawas principally of routine. Most of tion of the several classes of property the subjects of general interest which of carriers subject thereto, and securcame before it were reserved for the ing information concerning their determination of the new Democratic stock, bonds, and other securities." A Administration. It acted, however, bill embodying this amendment (H. on a number of legislative measures R. 22593, 62d Cong., 2d sess.), inand pursued other activities of im- troduced by Mr. Adamson (Ga.), was portance, the courses of which are passed by the House of Representatraced in the following pages. (See tives on Dec. 5, 1912. In the Senate also V, The National Administra- Committee on Interstate Commerce tion.) the measure was redrafted by Senator Physical Valuation of Railroads. La Follette (Wis.), and in its The most important legislation of the amended form was passed by the Sen |