after the foundation of the city of Memphis by Mena, a couple of generations later.

From a cemetery dating from the twelfth and the eighteenth dynasties, and lying somewhat to the south of Tarkhan, Flinders-Petrie has recovered some fine jewelry and canopic jars.

SYRIA AND PALESTINE. The work which has been done at the site of Hittite Carchemish, on the Euphrates, shows that it was a fortified city of great importance. It consists of a strong enclosure which surrounds the palaces and related buildings together with a citadel. Besides this there is an area, which was unfortified, and was occupied by the common people. Attention is being paid now to the enclosed area, with the result that it has been found that the encircling wall, which embraced about one-half a square mile on the bank of the river, has been swept away to make space for the construction of a later town. The great mound, however, upon which the wall rested, still stands, rising to a height of 50 feet from the moat. Three gates here remain. At this point Hittite buildings which consist of flanking towers and lionguarded gates, one within the other, have been found. These gates are separated by open courts so that the enemy after breaking through each gate would find itself exposed to attack on all sides. From the excavations at one of these gates was recovered an excellent head of either a god or a king of the latest Hittite timesthe seventh century. Inside the walls were found a large area covered with the foundations of palaces. These together with a water-gate on the river bank have been partially cleared. The gate was flanked by great lions cut from dolerite and decorated with hieroglyphs in the Hittite tongue. One relief has been recovered showing children playing with knuckle-bones and whip-tops. The sculptures here betray much more grace than one usually expects to find in Hittite work. Besides this find a fragmentary figure of a huge Moloch was recovered. The god is represented as seated on a throne supported by lions and an eagle-headed figure.

The acropolis unfortunately is less well preserved, owing to the fact that in Roman times a great temple was erected on the site, and because at the northern end King Sargon, who captured Carchemish in 717 B.C., had built there a residence for his officers.

In the neighborhood of Jerablus have been discovered a large number of graves containing pottery, tools, and seals of Hittite style which date from about 2000 to 400 B.C. Because of the preservation of the strata on the site of the town itself it has been possible to follow fairly closely the development of culture in this place from Neolithic times to the close of the Bronze Age. Thus Hittite sculpture can be studied from its rise to its disappearance. About 100 new texts have also been found.

At Jerusalem excavations have disclosed the foundations of the circular Tower of Siloam. The same site has afforded a long inscription done in well-cut Greek letters which mentions the presbyters and fathers who with Simonides laid the foundations of the synagogue, the baths, and the inn. The foundations of the first two buildings have been laid bare. In connection with these a conduit was found which led from the spring.

ASIA MINOR. During his work at Antioch

Ramsey has discovered the location of the forum. Although but little excavation has yet been done on the site enough has been completed to show that it remains very much in the condition in which it was when St. Paul walked through the place. Evidence exists to show that it was put into its final and complete form about 14-18 A.D. A very long inscription, which is in fact a kind of review of the chief events in the life of the Emperor Augustus, was found to be cut on the balustrade of the monumental staircase, which ascends from the lower town to the forum above. A large church, in all probability that of St. Paul, was located at lower end of the street which affords approach to this staircase just mentioned.

Excavations carried on this year on the site of Aphrodisias have brought to light the ruins of a splendid bath. The building dates from the time of the Emperor Hadrian and is in such an excellent state of preservation that it is possible to identify its various parts. The part known as the Calidorium is remarkably well preserved. Particularly interesting are the inscriptions which have been found on the walls. One of them is distinctly modern in its tone. It runs, "The establishment will not be responsible for the loss of money or jewels unless they are left in charge of the porter."

The work of the Americans at Sardis has continued with profit. This year the sacred precinct around the Temple of Artemis has been extensively examined. On the south of this area, important discoveries were those of an early terrace wall of unhewn rocks and a layer of pottery, which assisted in the determination of the original slope of the ancient levels on that quarter. A long Lydian inscription was found during this work. Examinations carried on within the Temple of Artemis revealed the foundations of an earlier temple built of sandstone. As a result of sinking a trench in the bed of the ravine above the temple the excavators were able to make out even and well-defined stratification which allowed them to get their first sure chronological sequence for previously discovered objects. In the same neighborhood not over 20 feet from the surface of the ground were found Lydian remains of the sixth and seventh centuries, and below these a welldefined stratum of pottery bearing a likeness to the early Ionic fabrics. Below these again occurred fragments of geometric wares of black and gray clays. One of the most interesting finds in connection with the trench mentioned already was that of a very beautifully executed horse's head, and a foot with a gilded sandal. From the tombs many objects were recovered. Especially notable were a gold necklace of the modern "dog-collar" type, and three small lions which seem to have been carved from gold nuggets.

GREECE. From early April to late June the German Archæological Institute has been at work excavating in the neighborhood of the Dipylon Gate at Athens. The digging was carried on over a territory which extends between the wall of the city and the modern Piræus Street, along the right bank of the river Eredanos. One hundred and twenty meters from the city wall was found a boundary stone inscribed on front and back ΟΡΟΣ ΚΕΡΑΜΕΙΚΟΥ. This stone, which had nothing to do with

the Inner or Outer Ceramicus, marked the edge of the street leading from the gate, and determined the direction of the famous burial street which, after six stades, ended at the Academy. One of the results of the excavations was to show that this street had the imposing breadth of 38 meters. Digging near the city wall, which brought to light a private burial place, disclosed also evidences of Sulla's siege of Athens in the form of burned tiles, and fragments of wall paintings. The floors here found were executed in terrazzo and all the details pointed to a house belonging to the Hellenistic Age. The excavators found as well traces of an imposing burial place which was about 15 meters broad and about 8 meters deep. The front half was given up to a richly developed façade with wings and a circular structure, about seven meters in diameter, in between.

ITALY. Various places in this country have come in for attention on the part of the archaologist. At Corropoli a neolithic cemetery has been examined and some 40 tombs have been opened. The practice of entombment was not burial but that of laying out the dead in circular or elliptical huts. On the island of Gozzo government employees, while digging at Pergla, came across an interesting tomb of the Neolithic period. It was contemporary with the hypogeum of Hal Saflieni discovered at Voletta a few years ago.

More extensive is the work which has been done on the site of Ostia, where excavations have been carried on for several years. This year's campaign has been occupied with the area lying between the theatre and the temple of Vulcan. Work here disclosed the fact that the Decumano Republicano, one of the main streets of the town, lay exactly two feet below the level of street of Imperial Rome, which was uncovered two years ago. It probably dates from the second century before our era. This street was paved with blocks of tufa cut with deep furrows on either side for the reception of the wheels of vehicles. The shops which opened on to the street consist of four rooms about 13 feet square. Rude mural drawings found in them date them from the time of the Gracchi. Possibly the most interesting discovery made at Ostia this year was in the street which led up to the temple of Vulcan-running parallel to the Decumano. This street is nearly 162 feet in width. Located on it are several houses so preserved that the second storeys are standing. From these it becomes clear that the Romans of Republican times at Ostia had developed the plan of dwelling in flats. From Martial of course we know that this mode of life was common enough in Rome in his days. Here at Ostia the entrances to these houses are three feet above the level of the street, so that access to them had to be afforded by flights of steps. Five similar entrances have been found in one house or block. On each story there were three apartments, with a balcony built out over the street and constructed as to join with the others to form a continuous outdoor corridor.

As a result of sinking a shaft on the highest point of the Palatine Hill in Rome, Boni believes that he has located the Mundus, that is, the seat of Dis and Proserpine. This monument, which was lost even to the Romans themselves in the time of the early empire, consists of a domed building constructed of blocks of

tufa. Boni's belief rests upon discovery of a stone cover resting upon the chamber, which he believes to be the lapis manalis, which was supposed to close the entrance to the infernal regions, through which the souls of the dead might rise. This lid was removed three times each year. In addition to this discovery, the location of a shaft which descends from the Chamber to passages lined with cement to render them suitable for the storage of grain (?) seems to confirm the identification of the site. It will be remembered that the Mundus was a storehouse for the sacred grain.

Further excavations on the Janiculum, instituted with the intention of ascertaining the exact location of the Sacred Grove and Spring of the Nymph Furrina, disclosed traces of the walls and pavement of a temple which was dedicated to the Syriac gods. Inscriptions recovered from the site show that the temple was built or redecorated by a police official, named Gaionas, during the time of Nero. In or near what apparently was the sanctuary of the temple were found a fragment of a fine candelabrum, which was decorated with figures of nymphs and dancing Hours, and a complete statue of Dionysus executed in Parian marble. A more interesting find was that of a bronze figure about three feet tall clothed in a kind of mantle which, permitting the form to be visible, ended in two points at the level of the ears. This was found in the centre of the seven-sided cell and is thought to represent Hadad or some divinity akin to the Mithraic Kronos. The idol, like many another Syriac deity, was wrapped about by the folds of a serpent, and between each coil were found remains of an eggshell, which seems to show that some rite of consecration had been performed here. Also on the Janiculum was discovered some fragments from a figure of Zeus.

In Rome has been found the house of Pollio, the friend of the poet Virgil. The ruins, which contained many works of art, give plenty of indications that the building was magnificent. In the atrium was discovered a pavement executed in black and white marble, showing a nymph riding upon a Triton. Traces of a fountain were found on one of the walls.

At

In Tarentum has been found a large Greek tomb built in the form of a house of the sixth century B.C. In it was a carefully paved floor and four Doric columns which supported the roof. In the tomb were three sarcophagi. Val Vibrata a burial ground of the Stone Age has been located. It consists of small huts of such size as to contain anywhere from two to eight bodies. On either side were low platforms, which sloped toward the centre of the building, upon which were placed the dead, so arranged that they lay on one side with the knees drawn up in a cramped position. One of the huts contained no bodies; instead within it was found a large circular hearth together with pieces of broken vessels, and the bones of animals. Here are believed to have been held the funeral banquets in connection with the burial of the dead. The various objects found here in these huts increase one's respect for the degree of civilization attained by the Neolithic Age.

NORTHERN EUROPE. Near Lyons in France, the ruins of a large house of the Roman period was found and uncovered. Its mosaic floors were uncovered and coins of the age reaching

from Augustus to Gratian were recovered. Many potsherds of Gallo-Roman style came to light. At Sogny, also in France, a large Gallic cemetery was examined and 270 tombs, of which 38 were intact, were opened. In 14 of these was found a warrior's chariot. Besides these the burials contained a number of spears, swords, javelins, daggers, knives, pottery, and some jewelry mounted on iron and bronze.

At Caversham in England a pit dwelling was discovered in a quarry. It was furnished with a perpendicular passage which led to a large circular room several feet in diameter. The whole structure was found to be full of black earth and charcoal in which were remains of the Bronze Age. See PEABODY MUSEUM.

ARCHITECTURE. The world's work in ar chitecture for the year 1914 was overshadowed by the gigantic cloud of international enmity, which resulted in a number of conditions inim ical to building progress. Available funds in public treasuries were diverted toward national defense, while the purse strings of private pocketbooks were pulled tight. In Europe there occurred also the concomitant deficiency of labor and materials. In general the annual output, though smaller by scores of buildings in the countries at war, was but slightly reduced in America. It is not possible in the succeeding paragraphs to make an accurate compilation or record of new structures, but a general survey is presented affording a basis for a fair estimate of the architectural production of 1914.

UNITED STATES

In the United States the year 1914 was one of contrasts. There were more unemployed draftsmen than ever before; office staffs of architects were reduced to the minimum of necessity. On the other hand, there were under contract at one time during the year churches alone to the value of $42,000,000 and one-seventh of this amount was represented by ecclesiastical structures in process of erection in New York City. Again, although there had been a decided decrease in the number of theatres, public monuments and the smaller private residences, due to money stringency, this was well balanced by the wholesome increase in the number of hotels, schools, and especially of churches and hospitals. Other types of buildings apparently followed their normal factor of increase, showing a regular quantitative result and an encouraging qualitative improvement. Stylistically the much praised and equally decried eclecticism, so characteristic of the United States, was almost imperceptibly crystallizing, developing modes of expression less and less alien to the soil, more and more American. The process was manifested by the usual stages, for instance, the slow modification of practically set local types in New England; the free and breezy interpretation of the Pacific Coast; the sturdy, often experimental, sallies of the Middle West; the pronounced cosmopolitan quality of each great metropolis. The whole gamut of the historical styles was repeatedly struck, often advantageously adapted, and all too often maltreated in the "Americanization"; but the whole effect was salutary, it makes for an ultimate unity in the establishment of which under the existing conditions a single twelvemonth can play but a small and humble part.

New York, Chicago, Minneapolis, and San Francisco contributed the largest number of buildings. Cleveland and Los Angeles were well represented, while Boston and Philadelphia and the large cities of the South produced no important work. No great structure that dominated the whole field could be pointed out as did the New York Courthouse design in 1913, but this deficiency was redeemed by the splendid groups under way at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition grounds, and, furthermore, by the greater number of smaller buildings of good design which were erected at many points throughout the country.

Concrete continued in favor as a building material, and found many applications in farm buildings. Terra cotta was more and more generally used, and the weight and height of new buildings, especially in New York, led to further experiments in fireproofing, windbracing, and

foundations.

CHURCHES. The ecclesiastic work of the year was dominated by the splendid mediævalism of the firm of Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson; this served as an enlivening virus for the degraded Gothic of the end of the last century and infused an invigorating force into a set of dry forms. St. Thomas's, in New York, was the best of the recent churches. Since its erection, Mr. Goodhue began practice independently and produced a fine Gothic structure, the Chapel of the Intercession for Trinity Parish, New York. St. Thomas's stands on the site of the old building by Upjohn which was burned in 1905. It has Guastavino tile vaults which are acoustically a thorough success. Experiments to this end were conducted under the direction of Professor Sabine of Harvard, who devoted much attention to the material composition of the tiles used, the degree of heat to which they were subjected in baking, and the direction of the joints between them. Another interesting Gothic structure is the Chapel of the Queen of All Saints, Brooklyn, by Riley & Steinback, the much reduced realization of an abandoned cathedral project. Other Gothic examples are the Church of the Holy Family at Latrobe, Pa., by John T. Comes, Emmanuel Presbyterian Church at Philadelphia, by C. W. Bolton & Son, Christ Church at Norfolk, Va., by Watson & Huckel, and the Broadway Presbyterian Church, New York, by L. E. Jallade. Several noteworthy examples in the Italian Romanesque or Lombard style, chiefly of brick, are the Webb Horton Memorial Church at Middletown, N. Y., by Carrère & Hastings, St. Mary's at McKeesport, Pa., by J. T. Comes, SS. Peter and Paul's at Rochester, N. Y., by Gordon & Madden, and St. Patrick's at Philadelphia, by La Farge & Morris.

The Colonial and its parent, the English Renaissance, with its derivative Adam and Gibbs varieties, continued in favor in New England and the Middle States, witness the Fort Washington Presbyterian Church in New York, by Thomas Hastings, the Second Presbyterian Church at Boston, by Cram & Ferguson, the First Presbyterian Church at Lewiston, Pa., by C. W. Bolton & Sons, the Second Unitarian Church at Boston, by Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson, and All Soul's-in-the-East at Summit, N. J., by Joy Wheeler Dow. Other indications of the versatility of the American designer were to be seen at St. James's at St. Joseph, Mo., by Eckel & Aldrich, the First Presbyterian Church,

by Wm. C. Hays, and St. Ignatius', by C. J. I. Devlin at San Francisco, the First Church of Christ Scientist at New Orleans, by Sam Stone, Jr., All Saints' at Masontown, Pa., by John T. Comes, in the Italian and other forms of the Renaissance, using terra cotta extensively; while in the Baptist Church at Churchland, Va., by Neff & Thompson, and in St. Paul's at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, by Louis H. Sullivan (later modified by Wm. C. Jones) it was interesting to note a new independent and nontraditional feeling, which was sponsored by these particular architects in a number of other enterprises.

SCHOOLS. The West, notably the Coast States, maintained its high rate of increase in school buildings. These were chiefly of brick and stucco, and the suggestion of the "Mission" parentage controls many of their designs. Classic forms in stucco and terra cotta likewise were found and the influence of the eastern Collegiate Gothic appears in three or four examples. It was also interesting to follow in the far western high and technical schools the growth of group planning. This was well illustrated in the work of Allison & Allison in their State Normal School and the Wilmington High School at Los Angeles, as well as in the High School group at Santa Monica, and in the work of Whitey & Davis in the Polytechnic High School at Santa Ana. The last was a group of four buildings, entirely of brick with plaster covered frame interior, the total cost not exceeding $176,000. Good single structures were the High School at Santa Paula, by Allison & Allison, the Polytechnic High School of San Francisco, by that city's Board of Public Works, and the High School at Woodland, by W. H. Weeks. All of these were in California. To them should be added the High School at Newburg, Ore., by E. E. McClaran. The smaller common or primary school buildings were of varied type, though brick predominated as the general building material; e.g., the McKinley School at San Francisco, by Newton Thorpe; the Malabar School at Los Angeles, by Whitey & Davis; the Ainsworth School at Portland, Ore., by F. A. Naramore; the Central School at Tacoma, Wash., by Heath & Gove. In the Middle West, Garber & Woodward were the architects of the Guilford School and the Frederick Douglass School at Cincinnati, and Wm. B. Ittner of the Central High School at Minneapolis. Notable eastern examples are the pseudo-classic High School at Albany, N. Y., by Starrett & VanVleck, the Colonial brick Widener Memorial School at Longport, N. J., by Horace Trumbauer, the High School of like style at Southampton, N. Y., by Hewitt & Bottomley. The last named was a carefully studied structure, the winning design of 23 submitted. The Colonial style was prescribed because of the fine old town houses still standing at Southampton. The architects allotted 67 per cent of the available wall space to windows, this being 30 per cent more than the New York State Education Department requires. The Flemish Renaissance manner appeared in the Ridge School and the Jacobean in the Normal School, both at Newark and both by E. F. Guilbert.

UNIVERSITIES. The universities have come fully to appreciate the advisability of the prearranged plan for campus growth. Northwest ern University at Evanston, Ill., joined the ranks of the larger institutions with such a gen

eral plan of development, the design of Palmer, Hornbostel & Jones, and in 1914 erected new dormitories as part of this scheme. Plans likewise were adopted for a large group at Portland, Ore., for Reed College; the designs were by Doyle & Patterson. Ohio State University built a library, by Allen & Collins, of English Renaissance design; the University of Utah added a $300,000 administration building by Cannon & Fetzer and Ramm Hansen. The most important work of the year in this field, however, was in the Americanized Collegiate Gothic manner, which had established itself at at least a dozen large institutions. Inspired by the example of West Point, the Virginia Military Institute adopted a large general plan by Bertram G. Goodhue. Other Gothic university buildings were the Macky Auditorium at Colorado State University, by Gove & Walsh, the new building for Notre Dame Academy at Cleveland, by Wm. C. Jansen, and the Veterinary College for the University of Pennsylvania, by Cope & Steward

son.

HOSPITALS AND HOMES. The year witnessed a remarkable activity in hospital construction, especially in and near New York City. The general development of hospital planning followed faithfully the English policy of decentralization. This led to multiplication of units, long narrow wings and pavilions, and interminable connecting corridors. Many new hospitals were erected, a few for specific diseases, and several old foundations made noteworthy extensions. In New York State were completed the Colonial Samaritan Hospital, by G. B. Post & Sons at Troy, St. Anthony's, by I. E. Ditmars at Woodhaven, L. I., the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company's Sanatorium at Mt. McGregor, by D. E. Waid, and the following in Greater New York: Sea View Hospital, Staten Island, by R. F. Almiral; Greenpoint Hospital, by F. J. Helmle, and new buildings and extensions for the German Hospital, by I. E. Ditmars, for the French Hospital, by Heidelberg & Levi; for the Hospital for Deformities and Joint Diseases, by G. Provot, for Bellevue Hospital, by McKim, Mead & White. In Pennsylvania were built two brick Colonial hospitals: the thoroughly decentralized Schuylkill County Hospital, by L. L. Stockton and H. C. Pelton at Schuylkill Haven and the Henry Phipps Institute for the Treatment of Tuberculosis by Grosvenor Atterbury at Philadelphia. Massachusetts' only contribution was the Children's Hospital at Boston, by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge. At Baltimore was completed the Phipps Psychiatric Clinic for Johns Hopkins Hospital, by Atterbury, and at Waterloo, Iowa, St. Francis's Hospital, by V. J. Klutho.

With hospitals Homes readily may be classed, for they are often subject to similar demands in planning and purpose. The excellent conception of A. W. Brunner found form in the Montefiore Home in New York City. This had adequate provision for 500 patients suffering from chronic diseases. It consisted of nine buildings, all of brick, limestone, and terra cotta, and each a segregated unit connecting with a general corridor. The buildings and site are valued at $2,000,000, and the annual operating cost is $300,000. To provide for future comfort, the city fathers were prevailed upon to close a public street that disturbed the plan, and a restriction was formulated to prevent building within

60 feet on the four limiting streets. The John Dickson Home for Aged Men, by Arthur B. Heaton at Washington, D. C., is a good Colonial example and, in New York again, the Anthony Home (for working women) in the Georgian style, by Valentine & Kissam, should also be noted.

PUBLIC BUILDINGS. The quota of public edifices completed in 1914 was not large, and the usual preponderance of municipal architecture was noticeable. In the national capital a new post office was built, by Graham, Burnham & Co. and Oscar Wenderoth, while Tracy & Swartwout furnished the accepted design for the new Washington Memorial Hall, which was probably to be one of the structures of leading importance in 1915. Both Utah and Idaho completed State capitol buildings, the former by Richard K. Kletting, the latter a $2,000,000 structure begun eight years earlier, by Tourtellotte & Hummel. At Hackensack, N. Y., and in the Bronx, N. Y., County Courthouses were erected, by J. R. Gordon and M. J. Gavin, the first being a miniature imitation of the stereotyped form of State capitol building, with pronounced wings and high dome. A new Courthouse by Wyatt & Nolting was built at Baltimore, and in New York the design of Alfred Hopkins was accepted for a tall building for the Courts of Inferior Jurisdiction. Of municipal buildings the finest of the year were those composing the $1,000,000 group at Springfield, Mass., by H. W. Corbett and F. L. Pell. A large city hall of striking design and of thoroughly efficient plan was erected for Oakland, Cal., by Palmer, Hornbostel and Jones, while the same firm furnished, in conjunction with E. B. Lee, the accepted design for a municipal building in Pittsburgh, and with John D. Thompson, Jr., the accepted design for the extensive New Castle Co.-Wilmington Public Buildings at Wilmington, Del. Interesting small Colonial and Georgian town halls were built at Huntington, L. I., by Peabody, Wilson & Brown, and at Arlington, Mass., by R. Clipston Sturgis.

LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS. But one museum was completed in 1914, the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, a stately classic structure by McKim, Mead & White, costing $3,000,000. But few libraries were built, and of these only one of fair size, that at St. Paul, Minn., by Electus Litchfield. Other new structures were at Somerville, Mass., by Edward L. Tilton; at Cold Spring Harbor, L. I., by Peabody, Wilson & Brown; at Carmel, N. Y., the Reed Memorial Library, by Gayler & Pryor; at Exeter, N. H., the Davis Library for Phillips-Exeter Academy, by Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson. At Snohomish, Wash., a library by Bigger & Warner was an echo of the work of A. A. Cantin, a rebel in the architects' camp, who had promised the world a new style made out of whole cloth.

BANKS. The earning capacity of the office building as an asset in the banking business comes more and more to be relied upon by the builders of new structures in this field. At Los Angeles, the building of the First National Bank, by Morgan, Wells & Morgan, and in Chicago, the immense Continental and Commercial National Bank are cases in point. The most important special structure for banking pur poses was the severe Morgan Banking House in New York, by Trowbridge & Livingston; while smaller structures in the classic manner were

the Citizens' Savings Bank at Stamford, Conn., by L. E. Jallade; the Jefferson Co. Savings Bank at Birmingham, Ala., by Wm. C. Weston; and the small Savings Bank at Taunton, Mass., by Marcus T. Reynolds.

HOTELS. There is no better index of the unity of the United States than the steady increase of the number of hotels, especially of those of medium size. The year was inaugurated by the opening of the excellent Biltmore, the fourth great hotel in New York City, by Warren & Wetmore. This forms part of the large plan of the terminal accommodations of the New York Central Railroad. It is 26 stories high and contains 1000 rooms with 950 baths, not to mention the usual dining, banquet, and ballroom provisions. The building stands above the level of the incoming trains platform of the terminal station, and therefore the kitchens and various mechanical devices are provided for in stories above the street, with consequently greater sanitation and convenience; while for the same reason the ventilation plant is placed on the fifth floor. Both power and heat are derived from the central power plant of the whole group several city blocks distant. Likewise of considerable size were the Hotel Statler in Cleveland, by Geo. B. Post & Sons; the Hotel Oakland, at Oakland, Cal., by Bliss & Faville; and the Tutwiler Hotel at Birmingham, Ala., by W. L. Stoddard & W. L. Walton, while the following with less than 500 rooms also deserve mention: at Omaha, Neb., the Gothic Hotel Fontenelle, by T. R. Kimball; at Cooperstown, N. Y., the Hotel O-Te-Sa-Ga, by Percy Griffin; at Chicago the brick and timber Stockyards Inn, by R. S. Lindstrom; at Worcester, Mass., the Bancroft, costing $900,000, and at Philadelphia the Vendig, costing $600,000, both by Esenwein & Johnson; and at San Francisco the Clift Hotel, by G. A. Applegarth.

STORES. In general the large hotel and the monster department store become amenable to many of the conditions and restrictions that characterize the skyscraper. This was seen to advantage in the Lord & Taylor Store, New York, a 10-story building in the Italian Renaissance style, by Starrett & VanVleck, equipped with a number of novel devices for facilitating purchases and expediting deliveries. Notable features of this building are the arrangements for the comfort of the employees, the display windows, which may be lowered to the basement and replaced by others already dressed, and the consistent use of Italian travertine stone for the floors, ceiling, and piers of the whole of the main floor. The imposing Altman Store was extended to more than double its size by Trowbridge & Livingston, the architects of the original building, and a small new building was completed by H. O. Chapman for the A. A. Vantine Company. At Pittsburgh, the 13-story Kaufmann & Baer Store, by Starrett & Van Vleck, strongly resembles the Lord & Taylor building in New York by the same firm. Mention should also be made of the small Edison Shop on Fifth Av., New York, by Shape & Bready, entirely of terra cotta and colored tile. This was a radical attempt to devise a solution for the troublesome problem of the smaller store front. The garish scheme was carried through the whole of a fourstory façade; it relies chiefly upon motives of Byzantine origin in its decoration, and presents a number of frankly anachronistic panels, as of