proximately 1,000,000 gallons, and at Westerham Hill and Betsom's Hill, each to contain 300,000 gallons. A tunnel of 16 feet internal diameter, and lined with cast-iron segments, was driven through the clay under the Thames between Twickenham and Richmond, and at the end of the year the contractors were laying three lines of 36-inch pipe, and one line of 30-inch steel pipe. The aqueduct, which provides the city of Manchester, England, with the third installment of water from Thirlmere, was practically com pleted during the year, and the 30 siphons across the various valleys on the route were tested as well as the subway under the ship canal near Barton. The Manchester water works improve ment included the construction of the Heaton Park Reservoir, and the completion of the inlet and outlet works, straining wells, etc. This reservoir when completed was to have a top water area of nearly 80 acres. See WATER PURIFICA

TION.

AQUITANIA. See SHIPBUILDING. ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL. See IN TERNATIONAL ARBITRATION AND PEACE.

ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION, INDUSTRIAL. The exceptional unrest among the working classes in recent years has given rise to a considerable number of labor disputes, strikes, and lockouts. (See STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS.) Some means of obviating such interruptions in business and the attendant losses is one of the problems confronting society. Now it is coming to be generally recognized that much can be saved to both the employer, the employee, and to the public by means of conciliation and arbitration in industrial disputes. Especially from the point of view of the latter is this matter becoming of supreme importance. Because of the interdependence of the various industries members of any community are, to a greater or less extent, dependent on their transportation, lighting and other public utility corporations, and any interruption in the normal administration of the facilities operated by them works considerable hardship on the people. Further more, the public is learning that the consumersat-large must ultimately pay by the advanced prices of commodities, and the increase of poor relief. So there has been a growing conviction that some governmental machinery should be established to guarantee the continuance of industry pending the settlement of industrial dis putes.

Australia and New Zealand have introduced systems of compulsory arbitration, but in the United States, however, there has been no body of public opinion to uphold such a means of set tlement. The American Federation of Labor (q.v.) has openly expressed its objection to any such method, and in the hearings of the Industrial Relations Commission (q.v.) union men expressed themselves as opposed to arbitration in which an umpire is involved. The employers also were quite in agreement with this position, both contending that an outsider has not the requisite knowledge, and his decision is usually unsatisfactory. By the Newlands Act passed in 1913 a Federal Board of Mediation and Conciliation was established in the United States, and several commonwealths have similar commissions or have enacted provisions for arbitration.

Secretary of Labor Wilson in his 1914 report stated that it is the policy of the department to

intervene in labor disputes only when called upon; it will, however, in critical situations, take steps on its own initiative.

As an instance of the huge sums saved through mediation, the Massachusetts Board of Arbitration and Conciliation stated in its annual report that twelve million dollars were saved through its efforts during 1914.

LEGISLATION. Alaska passed a most elaborate law relating to the arbitration of trade disputes. The Governor is enjoined to endeavor to settle by mediation, either personally or through a commission, disputes concerning wages, hours of labor, or conditions of employment which interrupt or threaten the interruption of business. In the event of the failure of such an effort, the Governor is to try to bring about arbitration by a board of three persons, one to be chosen by the employer, one by the union or unions concerned, and these two are to appoint a third. The majority of the conciliators may make a binding award. Hearings are to commence soon after the appointment of the third arbitrator and the award is to be made within thirty days, the status existing before the dispute to remain unchanged during arbitration. The award as well as the papers in the proceedings are to be filed with the district court; and, unless error is found, this decision shall be final and the parties are to abide by it. If, however, there is dissatisfaction with the ruling, for three months after it has been made except on thirty days' notice the employer is not to discharge men except for inefficiency, violation of the law, neglect of duty, or because fewer workers are required. On the other hand, the employees are not to stop work without good reason during the same time. Such an award is to remain in force for one year and unless set aside, no new arbitration on the same question can be obtained during that period. The arbitrators are empowered to administer oaths, to require the attendance of witnesses, and to demand that the necessary documents be produced. Their expenses and compensation are to be arranged for in the terms of the agreement to arbitrate. Provisions are included in the law which make possible appeal to the court on questions of law. only.

Massachusetts amended her law governing the State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration so as to make investigations of labor troubles by the board dependent upon the inability of the parties to settle, or their refusal to submit the matters to arbitration. Experts to assist in the investigation may be employed and local boards of conciliation may be composed of three mutually agreed upon, as well as one representative each of the employer, employee, and the public.

PHILADELPHIA GARMENT MAKERS. A notable instance of the effectiveness of mediation was the agreement reached between the employers and the unions in the garment trades in Philadelphia during September. This action averted what promised to be a serious strike involving 6000 employees and 140 employers, the purpose of the strike being to secure the same standards for the smaller shops that the larger shops now have.

WESTERN LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS. After the members of the Federal Board of Mediation and Conciliation had reported that efforts in conference with representatives of the locomotive engineers and firemen of 98 railroads west of

Chicago had failed, President Wilson intervened and induced the workmen and companies to arbitrate. The men had decided to strike in August, but gave up their plan, and on November 30 hearings were begun before the Arbitration Board named under the provisions of the Newlands Act. The arbitrators chosen were: Judge P. C. Pritchard and Charles Nagel, appointed by the Government; F. A. Burgess and Timothy Shea, representing the employees; and W. L. Park, and H. E. Bryan, the railroads. The unions demanded a standard rate of wages, and a standard day with rates for overtime. They asked a five-hour day in passenger service and a ten-hour basis in the freight service. They would also have the "extra men" remunerated on the basis of a through rate pay, and have the "surprise test" eliminated. There are about 64,000 men involved and it is stated that should the workers be successful nearly $33,000,000 annually would be added to the payrolls of the company. It is expected that the awards will be completed early in 1915.

GEORGIA AND FLORIDA RAILWAY CASE. After the employees of the Georgia and Florida Railway had entered into negotiations with the general manager for increased wages and better working conditions, the latter proposed to submit the matter to arbitration. This was done and Mr. L. S. Davis, general chairman of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, was chosen to represent the employees, Mr. A. W. Anderson, a railroad manager, for the company, and Judge S. J. Peelle, of Washington, D. C., was picked by the United States Board of Mediation and Conciliation as the third arbitrator. The board met in Augusta, and on April 28 hearings were begun. The employees contended that their rates of pay were below those of other roads in the same section of the country. The railway company, on the other hand, maintained that although these wages were lower the physical conditions were better and the responsibilities imposed upon the workers less. The award granted the employees an increase of about 12 per cent in wages, but Mr. Anderson dissented from this on the grounds that the company was unable to meet its operating expenses. A bill of exceptions was filed in the United States District Court but was dismissed and the award confirmed, and in an appeal to the Circuit Court of Appeals this decision was again upheld.

KANAWHA COAL STRIKE. This dispute, which began in April, had been in progress for two months when the Department of Labor stepped in at the request of the employers for an investigation of conditions. It was contended by the operators that organized labor had demanded that $1 or $2 a month should be sent for each employee the money to be taken from their pay-to the officers of the United Mine Workers at Indianapolis. However, representatives of the United Mine Workers denied this, stating that they merely asked for a voluntary "check off" of dues, and accepted mediation. Three commissioners of conciliation, made up of one miner, a coal operator, and A. L. Faulkner, immigrant inspector at Cleveland, were appointed. It was agreed by both sides that the men should return to work at the same wages that were paid before the outbreak of the strike; that by the authority of the individual workers given in writing a sum not to exceed $1.10 per month

should be paid to the treasurer of the local union of the United Mine Workers of America by the "check-off" system; and that a commission to investigate and determine wages and grievances was to be chosen. These recommendations were adopted by the operators and the union, the action of the latter being ratified by the convention of miners held at Charleston, W. Va.

INDIANAPOLIS STRIKE. In February the award of the Indiana Public Service Commission, which acted as a board of arbitrators in the Indianapolis Street Car Strike, begun on Nov. 1, 1913, was made. The conditions of the employees were ameliorated, although not one of the several grievances submitted by the employees was fully recognized. Minimum and maximum rates of wages such as had existed before, were retained, but these were raised to 21 cents, a 5 per cent increase, and 28 cents respectively. Those employees known as "extra men" are to receive a guaranteed minimum of $45 a month. Benefit is also to accrue to the workers in many other ways. There is to be no discrimination against union men. This is of great significance, for nearly all the employees were reported to be members of the Street Car Men's Union. Definite assurances were given that future grievances will be heard and the hours and conditions of service improved. This award is to hold until Nov. 7, 1916. Provision has been made for the settling of any future dispute or grievances coming as a result of the award, by means of a permanent court of arbitration of three members, to be appointed by the United States District Justice for Indiana, the chief justice of the Appellate Court, and chief justice of the Supreme Court, each to choose one.

The strike from which this award arose, began on Nov. 1, 1913, and tied up the entire street railway system of Indianapolis. Much violence succeeded an attempt to import strikebreakers and during the rioting four persons were killed and several injured. Several of the policemen in the city resigned rather than protect the strike-breakers, while 200 citizens refused to act as deputies when called upon to do so. On the ground that citizens had not done their duty the Governor at first refused assistance but afterwards ordered the National Guard

of Indiana to the scene. The strike engendered such bitter feeling that Mayor Shank finally resigned, because of it and of his inability to prevent the teamsters' strike. It is expected that as an outcome of this dispute Indiana will pass a comprehensive arbitration law, which will provide for the compulsory investigation of strike grievances.

TUGBOAT-TOWING INTERESTS ON THE GREAT LAKES. This case was the outcome of a decision of the United States District Court which held that the time spent in awaiting orders or taking on supplies should be counted in with the hours of navigation. Now, the licenses granted by the Steamboat-Inspection Service of the Department of Commerce require double crews for all boats or tugs, with the exception of those navigated only 13 hours out of the 24. Had the loading hours been included in the total time, many of the tugs would have been engaged in actual navigation more than 13 hours, and by the above interpretation would be required to have double crews. An agreement reached

in February, 1914, between the owners and the International Longshoremen's Association before this decision was rendered and under conditions existing previous to it, had, therefore, to be modified. The tug men, however, objected strenuously to double crews, maintaining that it involved the probability of one crew being compelled to sleep aboard the tug while the other was operating it, thereby subjecting the men to great peril. They also contended that there would result unsanitary conditions and great inconveniences to the laborers, because bunks would be used continuously by one crew after the other. The owners, on the other hand, were unwilling to consent to the limitation of the use of their boats to 12 hours a day. It was under these conditions that the Board of Conciliation intervened, and an agreement was finally reached on May 15, 1914. Provisions were that the tugs should be made available for the full length of time for service with single crews, and that the tug-men's unions should furnish the laborers necessary to man the boats for the whole 24 hours.

Among the more important minor arbitrations during the year, not mentioned above, were the following: On January 18 a settlement was reached in a very short time between 5000 employees of the Delaware and Hudson Railroad who had gone on strike because of the discharge of two union men, and the owners, through the intervention of the Federal Board of Mediation and Conciliation. Small increases in wages aggregating $100,000 and a minimum wage for passenger trainmen, were granted the workers of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. John A. Moffitt and James A. Smith were detailed to investigate a strike of the machinists of the Universal Bottle-Washing Machine Co. of Detroit, and they succeeded in bringing about a settlement through the recognition of the Machinists' Union, the reduction of the hours of work, and an increase in wages. As a result of the efforts of these same commissioners, strikes were averted in the shops of the Lake Erie and Western Railroad and Michigan Central Railroad; and similar pressure in the machinists' strike in Trenton, N. J. brought about a peaceful settlement of what promised to be a serious situation. Satisfactory adjustments were also reached in the Louisville and Nashville Railroad shops, among the sawmill workers of Washington, and in the longshoremen wage dispute in Texas. Mediation, though, was unsuccessful in the Calumet and the Colorado strikes. See STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS. GREAT BRITAIN. Great strides have been taken in recent years in the matter of settlement of trade disputes in Great Britain. The Board of Trade was authorized in 1896 to act as an agency of mediation and, in 1908, a permanent court of arbitration was established. As a result of the extensive and stubborn labor contest some three years later, an Industrial Council was created. This now consists of 13 representatives of employers, an equal number for the workmen, and has Sir George Askwith as its chairman. There are several voluntary conciliation boards and standing joint committees in existence throughout the country. In July, 1913, the Industrial Council submitted a report declaring emphatically that the principle of collective bargaining should not be called in question, and suggested that provision

be made for the submission of disputes to a third party, where the ordinary machinery of arbitration has failed; but compulsory arbitration was not advised.

BIRMINGHAM STRIKE. The strike of the unskilled union workers in the vicinity of Birmingham involving 36,000 men was settled last spring through the intervention of Sir George Askwith of the British Board of Trade. A minimum wage of $5.60, the principal demand of the strikers, was granted; the loss in wages, though, during the dispute, was approximately $1,330,000. Those on strike were chiefly members of the National Union Gas Workers, the Amalgamated Iron Workers, Brickmakers, General Laborers, and the Workers' Union.

ARCHEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA. The work of the Institute was carried on in its various departments during the year. The School at Athens continued its excavations at Corinth, and conducted a minor excavation in the vicinity of the Erectheum on the Acropolis at Athens. The American School of Archæology, continuing the work upon which it has been engaged for seven seasons at Guirigua, Guatemala, excavated the buildings on the north and east sides of the Temple Court. It further conducted explorations in the Peten district of Guatemala and made a survey of the ruins at Guarai in New Mexico. Plans for new excavations under the auspices of the institute on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean were necessarily postponed on account of war conditions now prevailing in the two regions of greatest archæological interest. In the field of publication the most significant event of the year was the final launching of the new nontechnical magazine Art and Archæology. David M. Robinson was appointed general editor, W. H. Holmes, art editor, R. V. D. Magoffin, associate editor, and Mitchell Carroll, General Secretary of the Institute, managing editor. The first number appeared on July 1, 1914. The officers of the institute in 1914 were F. W. Shipley, president; Mitchell Carroll, general secretary; Willard V. King, treasurer. The schools maintained by the institute are the American School at Athens, American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem, and the School of American Archæology in Santa Fé, N. Mex. The membership is about 3500.

ARCHEOLOGY. MESOPOTAMIA. At Assur, in Babylonia, the German Oriental Society has been engaged for a year. The most important results from the campaign have been the discovery of five well-preserved tombs belonging to Assyrian kings, and the finding of a very old temple of Astarte for which the claim is made that it dates from the fifth millennium B.C. The temple contained, besides a number of pictures, other works which are likely to prove of great use in changing the present knowledge of ancient history in this part of the world. In the temple were found all the usual signs of the oldest Sumerian culture, although evidence is not at hand as yet to guarantee that it was the Sumerian people who worshiped here, in this oldest Assyrian temple yet discovered, in the year 3000 before our era. The five royal sarcophagi were nearly as interesting a discovery as that of the temple just mentioned. They were found in the southern wing of the palace and are the first monuments of this character to come to light. Although in Parthian times

these sarcophagi were rifled and injured it has nevertheless been possible to restore them. Three have been identified as having belonged to King Asur-Belkala (who dates about 1100 B.C.), King Samsiadad (about 820 B.C.), and the well-known King Asur-Nazir-pal III (who reigned about 860 B.C.). The tomb of the latter is the finest as well as the largest, measuring 6 feet in breadth by 5% in depth.

EGYPT. Egypt has afforded richer results this year than the other fields of activity. At Abydos the excavators were lucky enough to discover, behind the western wall of the temple built by Seti, what in all probability is the socalled Strabo's well-or the mystic tomb of Osiris. The building is entirely underground, for it was over 30 feet below the level of the temple, and consists in a general way of a rectangular structure which measures on the inside about 100 feet in length and 60 in breadth. The longer axis of the building runs north and south. On the western side is a great doorway 15 feet in width which came to light in 1912. The walls of the tomb are of the impressive thickness of 20 feet, and built of huge blocks of stone which often are 15 feet in length. The general arrangement of the interior is such that there are three aisles running from west to east, the central one being much the widest. These aisles are separated by huge monolithic piers about 82 feet square and 15 feet high. Of these piers there are five on each side of the central aisle. They support an enormous architrave 6 feet in height which in turn carries the unusually heavy ceiling. The latter is made up of great monoliths of granite over 6 feet in thickness. The two side aisles, which are about 10 feet wide, are connected at each end by cross aisles which form a ring around the central aisle and which, by being of a much lower level than the latter and filled with water, make a sort of island of this main central aisle. Although the present excavations have gone only to the depth of 12 feet it is believed that the enclosing canal went to the depth of about 25 feet. The water which filled it was due to infiltration from the Nile. On to these side aisles open six cells in front of which ran a narrow ledge. At the eastern end of this curious hall, and across the canal, is a long room which is the mystic tomb of Osiris. While this portion of the building is later than the rest, and dates probably from the time of Seti I, the main part is much older, and from its style of construction, which resembles that of the temple of the Sphinx, dates probably in the fourth dynasty. It is therefore one of the oldest monuments in Egypt.

At Antæopolis the Germans carried on a campaign which lasted from the end of September, 1913, until the close of March of this year. The work was confined to the cemeteries of the city and it was found that the oldest burials go back to the first dynasties. Besides the ordinary interments the excavators found rockcut tombs belonging in time to the old king dom. In the chief necropolis, which is located in the hill of Gau, rock-hewn tombs of princes of the middle kingdom were opened. Those of Wahka I, Wahka II and Ibu are much larger and of greater magnificence than any private tombs of this period previously known. Their arrangement is such that a broad approach leads up from the plain to a terrace upon which

appears a hypostyle hall. Beyond this lies an upper platform, also carrying hypostyle halls, to which access is given by a rock-cut ramp and bridge. There a gate gives entrance into the rock-cut burial tomb which resembles those at Beni-Hassan.

From Antinoe the English have recovered, in addition to fragments of papyri with lines from the Iliad, the Odyssey and the Phænissæ of Euripides, about 10 pages from the Idyls of Theocritus. The pages contain about 50 lines, so that about 600 lines in all have been obtained. The work dates from the fifth or the sixth century and therefore antedates the earliest of the medieval manuscripts now in existence. Except for a small fragment found at Oxyrhyncus, and some fragments of vellum in Berlin, Paris, and Vienna, this is the only Theocritean manuscript which has yet been found in Egypt.

Eleven weeks' work by the Byzantine Research and Publication Fund at Dêr El-Ganadla ended on January 28 with the result that many buildings of Coptic times were cleared. In these the most important discoveries were some frescoes in a villa which included a picture of the Three Holy Children in the fire, Saints Cosmas and Damian, and an exceptionally well painted peacock. At Gizeh the Vienna Imperial Academy of Science had been working for three years on the middle area of the cemetery connected with the pyramids of Cheops and Chephreu. In April of this year work on the eastern portion of the concession had been completed. The results of the excavations are of prime importance in adding to our knowledge of the mastaba. Not only was a somewhat more developed type for the archaic period seen in a few instances, but much new evidence has been discovered for the type with corridor and special serdûb-building. This is of particular importance since one example has been dated in the time of Dedkers' Asasis (Isesi, Asesa, or Assa). This year, moreover, has resulted in the first discovery, on this site, of mastabas belonging to the time of the sixth dynasty. To be sure the loss of the upper parts of these buildings precludes the restoration of the exterior; but the arrangement of the interior can be made out in its essentials. The most important fact noted is the change of position of the grave shaft. In earlier times the practice had been to have it descend vertically from the mass of the mastaba. At this time it was discovered that a steep corridor, starting outside the building proper, descended to the burial chamber. This passage was closed by stones more or less shaped to fit their location. About this time also it became customary to decorate the chamber of the dead which previously had received no ornament. Two burials presented the peculiarity of having the body encased in a coating of plaster. This was applied over the linen wrappings of the body and modeled to imitate the form.

Near Lahun the British School has been engaged in clearing the whole area surrounding the pyramid of Senusert II. During the course of the work certain new features of construction were observed. Around the pyramid was a large trench with sloping sides which was filled with clean sand covered over with a thick stratum of pebbles. It is supposed that this feature was for the purpose of absorbing whatever moisture might accumulate from the rain

fall. This trench was enclosed by a stone wall. Outside this wall were found the tombs of the royal family. The whole group of the royal tombs was enclosed by a brick wall 16 feet in thickness and around this, except on the northern side, a row of trees so arranged that 42 occurred on a side. Under the pyramid sand-bed a child's skeleton was found in a sealed box with offering dishes nearby. This seems to have been the human sacrifice made at the time of building the pyramid. In one of the five tombs located along the southern side of the pyramid it was found that a wide pit descended, by means of rock-hewn steps, to about 28 feet in depth. The tomb, like all the others, had been broken into and rifled, but curiously the robbers had overlooked a recess in which was found a golden crown. This consisted of a broad band of beautifully burnished metal decorated with 15 beautiful, inlaid rosettes and a royal cobra in front, itself inlaid and furnished with eyes of lapis lazuli. At the back of the crown rise two golden plumes, while three double streamers hang from the sides. Besides this crown were found golden collars of cowries and lions' heads, as well as two beautiful pectorals of gold inlaid with small pieces of carnelian, turquoise, and lapis lazuli.

At Meroe this year's work has seen a complete uncovering of the northwestern part of the site, and the connecting of the various sections. As a result the whole northern portion of the site is exposed, leaving only the southern part to be cleared. It has been found that the main entrance to the town was in the northern wall and that it led through an avenue of trees toward the centre of the city. There on the left side appears to have been a public building of some sort. Almost opposite this structure was uncovered what perhaps may have been an observatory, together with the house of an astronomer. The palace was situated to the left of the main gateway. It consisted of a large building containing a central courtyard and veranda. Opposite the palace was discovered a walled enclosure which was used for the cremation of the dead. The chimneys and flues were found in place and the floor was deeply covered with partially burned bones. Dating from the second century B.C. was discovered a place with its equipment used for astronomical purposes. On a wall were found a number of graffiti which showed the results of observations. Besides this were found rude sketches of two instruments which seem to resemble a transit and an azinuth instrument. Near the top of a flight of steps which led down to a pool and baths were found two stones used in taking observations. On one of these stones were marks pointing to corresponding symbols on the other.

From near Meroe also Sayce and Garstang have recovered the best, and longest Meroetic inscription yet found. Hopes are entertained that it may afford means for the complete decipherment of Meroetic writing.

From excavations at Kerma in Nubia traces of a garrison of the twelfth dynasty have been found, together with pan-grave burials of the folk who invaded this country in the Hyksos period. From fragments of alabaster which bear the names of Neferkara and Pepi I, it is proved that this site was occupied as early as the time of the sixth dynasty. The evidences for the later intrusions of the Hyksos period are

afforded by remains found in some ruined chambers. These were filled with ashes and cinders indicating a fierce fire. In this débris were many seal impressions of the Hyksos period. The graves of the invaders of the Hyksos period gave the best results of the whole excavation. The burials were distinctly barbaric. The chief personage was laid in the centre of a large pit, upon a carved bed, on his right side with his head toward the east and supported by a wooden pillow. Between his knees were placed a sword and dagger, while an ostrich-feather fan and sandals were located at his feet. At his feet also was buried a ram, often with the tips of the horns protected by ivory knobs. Around the bed lay the bodies of men and women in contracted positions with their heads to the east. Among them were placed pots, pans, jars, stools, etc. Over the whole burial was placed a great oxhide. Since all the bodies were interred at the same time we have proof here of human sacrifice on the occasion of the death of notable persons.

One of the most interesting discoveries made at Oxyrhyncus was that of a hitherto unknown work by the Poetess Sappho. It consists of two rolls of papyrus and it was found together with two rolls of her compatriot and contemporary Alcæus. One fragment gives the title of one of Sappho's manuscripts as "Book I, of the odes; 1320 lines." But unfortunately only 40 lines are complete. Excavations by Messrs. Whittemore and Wainwright at Sawâna have resulted in the discovery of burials belonging to the eighteenth dynasty. Many contemporary objects, including many scarabs, were found.

At Tarkhan, about two hours by rail from Cairo, a pre-dynastic burial ground has been discovered. Some 1500 graves have been opened which date just before or after the beginning of the first dynasty. Fortunately in some instances the upper part of the grave was completely preserved. Over the common burials was a mound plastered with a mixture of gypsum and sand to form a low dome. The larger graves were covered by mastabas. In these latter burials a flat pile of sand supported by a retaining wall 18 inches high covered the grave. The skeleton was usually found to be in a contracted position, with an alabaster bowl, which was covered with a stone palette, and a knife between the knees and the face. The tombs of the nobles were over 100 feet in length and surrounded by a thick wall of brick. These tombs originally date from the middle of the first dynasty, but were opened and re-used in the time of the twelfth dynasty. Around these same tombs were found some burials of the household still in a perfect state of preservation. One tomb, curiously enough, contained the skeletons of three beheaded donkeys. It was found that during the first dynasty green-glazed vases were in common use; that women usually and men occasionally wore necklaces. Indications were plentiful that these people were far from being barbarians. Their houses were of the same type, though in wood, as those already known and built of stone or brick. About the beginning of the dynastic period, to judge by the skeletons discovered, a race of smaller stature invaded this region after having dribbled in for many years before this time. So far as can be made out Tarkhan was a temporary capital, which was abandoned gradually