along the water front to the west of the main group of buildings, and south of them are the Foreign Pavilions, while still to the west are the Live Stock Exhibit and the Athletic Field. The amusement features are in the eastern extremity of the grounds, grouped along a thoroughfare called The Zone. Over 250 groups and hundreds of individual pieces of statuary will adorn the grounds, while the flower display will be superior to that of any previous exposition. Nearly 40 foreign nations have sent exhibits, and 46 States have arranged for participation, while conventions and congresses in the hundreds have promised to meet in San Francisco during the Exposition.

Among foreign expositions worthy of mention are the following:

LYONS. An International Modern City Exposition was held in Lyons, France, from May 1 to November 1, at which the modern city was shown from every viewpoint, including street and park systems, waterworks, sewerage, hospitals, sanitary dwellings for the poor, and the fight against tuberculosis, alcoholism, and other unsanitary and social evils found in crowded populations. New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Cleveland were among the American cities that exhibited.

LONDON. An Anglo-American Exposition was held in Shepherd's Bush, London, from May to October, to celebrate the century of peace and the progress of the arts, sciences, and industries of the United States and the British Empire. The first £40,000 of the net profits of the exposition were set aside to be paid to the BritishAmerican Peace Committee for the foundation of scholarships and prizes in connection with educational, social, and commercial economics in both countries. At the close of the Exposition the British exhibits were to be sent to the Panama-Pacific Exposition to be held in San Francisco in 1915.

LEIPZIG. An International Exposition of the Book Industries and Graphic Arts was held in Leipzig, Germany, from May 6 to October 15. The grounds covered 20 acres and there were more than 20 buildings devoted to exhibition purposes. All of the industrial and manufac turing processes of printing and book-making were shown. The American Library Association and the Library of Congress were the only two American exhibits. It was by far the largest and most comprehensive exhibition of the kind ever held.

CHRISTIANIA. An exposition was held in Christiania, Norway, beginning on May 15, commemorative of the centenary of Norwegian independence from Denmark.

Among expositions announced for the future

postponed from 1915, has made provision for three buildings of permanent construction as follows: Palace of Fine Arts, Palace of Decorative Industries, and Royal Pavilion.

BARCELONA. An International Exposition of Electrical Industries will be held in Barcelona, Spain, in 1917.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Other important gatherings during the year were: International Exposition of Stone, held in Milan, Italy, from April to June; German Artisans' Exposition, held in Cologne, Germany, from May to October; International Exhibition of Home Manufactures and Commercial Products, held in Bristol, England, from May to October; Exposition of Hygiene, held in Stuttgart, Germany, from May 15 to October 31; Exposition of Machinery, Apparatus, and Supplies of all kinds used in Wine Production, Brewing, and Distilling, held in Budapest, Hungary, from May 24 to July 6; International Exposition of Marine Motors, held in Boulognesur-Mer, France, from June 15 to September 30; Exposition of Electrical Appliances, held in Frankfort on the Main, Germany, from August 15 to September 6; Colombian Industrial and Agricultural Exposition, held in Cartagena, Colombia, from November 11 to December 31.

FABIAN SOCIETY. See SOCIALISM, Great Britain.

FACTORY INVESTIGATION COMMISSION OF NEW YORK. This commission, created by the Assembly of 1911, has been continued by the succeeding legislatures and instructed to report in February, 1915. The commission included in its membership Senator Robert F. Wagner, the chairman; Samuel Gompers, president of the American Federation of Labor; Mary E. Drier, president of Women's Trade Union League of New York; Abraham I. Elkus, who acted as chief counsel; and members of the State Assembly. Very extensive work has been done by the commission and startling discoveries have been made. Special investigations into the fire risks of factories have been carried on and bills have been passed on this matter, at the suggestion of the commission. There has, however, been much opposition on the part of the factory owners to the vesting of inspection powers in the hands of the Department of Labor. Industrial accidents, child labor, home work, and the better organization of the administrative machinery for carrying out labor laws have been among the subjects dealt with by the commission.

WAGES. Remuneration in several occupations were found to be exceedingly low. A study of the wages in confectionery factories and paperbox industries revealed the fact that in the former more than one-half the men received less than $10 a week; half the women less than $6; and more than two-thirds of the girls below 18 less than $5.50. In the paper-box industry conditions were found to be quite as bad. A much more extensive investigation disclosed that of 104,000 employees, one-eighth received less than $5 per week, while only one-sixth had $15 or over. Secured from pay rolls of several hundred stores and factories throughout the State, these figures represent what is probably the earnings during the busy seasons, but which are higher than average wages throughout the year because of slack work and disability. Detailed studies of four industries were also reported on and showed similar results. A minimum wage was

urged before the commission by many as a remedy for these evils. The homes of many working girls were investigated and, although too few to permit statistical conclusions, many interesting discoveries were made. A report on the minimum wage in the United States and foreign countries was also made to the Legislature.

In

FAHNESTOCK, HARRIS CHARLES. An American banker, died June 4, 1914. He was born in Harrisburg, Pa., in 1835, and received an academic education. At the age of 16 he entered the Harrisburg National Bank and rose so rapidly, that by 1860 he had achieved a national reputation and in the following year became associated with the firm of Jay Cooke & Co., in Philadelphia. During the war, when this firm of bankers was the chief financial mainstay of the government, he took a prominent and active part in giving advice and assistance. 1866 he removed to New York as the head of the New York house of this firm. In this position he was active in building the Northern Pacific Railroad and other great undertakings. When the firm of Jay Cooke & Co. failed in the panic of 1873 Mr. Fahnestock took charge of the bond department of the First National Bank in New York City. Eleven years later he became a director and vice-president of this institution. His business activities included railroads and other industrial enterprises. He gave largely to charities, although his name seldom appeared on subscription lists. He was a member of the boards of trustees of the American Museum of Natural History, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the American Fine Arts Society. FAILURES. See FINANCIAL REVIEW. FALKENHAYN, ERICH VON. See WAR OF THE NATIONS.

FALKLAND ISLANDS. A British colony, composed of a group of islands in the South Atlantic. They are East Falkland (3000 square miles), West Falkland (2300), and about 100 smaller islands ( (totaling about 1200 square miles). South Georgia, a group of islands 542° S., with an area of about 1000 square miles, a great whaling station, is a dependency of the Falkland Islands. Inclusive of South Georgia the population numbered in 1911, 3275 (2370 males and 905 females). The estimated population Dec. 31, 1912, was 3298. Sheep farming is the sole industry of the colony, the entire country being wild moorland fit for little besides pasture. There are no trees. The ground in November and December is covered with wild flowers. There were in 1912 about 711,367 sheep, 7530 cattle, and 3665 horses. Hides, skins, horns, hoofs, bones, tallow, wool, and guano are the exports. From South Georgia during the season ended March 31, 1912, over 400,000 barrels of whale oil were exported. Imports and exports for 1912 were valued at £93,264 and £623,875, respectively, against £93,913 and £471,156 in 1911. The United Kingdom contributed imports valued at £82,453, and received exports £378,843. Total tonnage entered and cleared, 375,996 (315,278 in 1911). Revenue, 1912, £34,036 (1911, £35,349); expenditure, £33,508 (£22,460). There is no public debt. The only town is Stanley, with 920 inhabitants. It has a fine inner and outer harbor and is a coaling station for vessels rounding Cape Horn. Beyond the town limits there are no roads. The islands were taken possession of by the British government in 1832 for the protection of the

whale fisheries. J. Quayle Dickson was the administrator in 1913 (W. L. Allardyce, Governor, appointed 1909). Other dependencies are the South Shetlands, Graham's Land, the South Orkneys, and the Sandwich group.

For naval operations in the vicinity of the Falkland Islands, consult the article on the WAR OF THE NATIONS, section on Naval Operations. FARMING. See AGRICULTURE.

FAURE, JEAN BAPTISTE. A French singer and composer, died Nov. 10, 1914. He was born in Moulins in 1830, and when 13 years of age entered the Paris Conservatory. He became a chorister at the Madeleine. After winning first prize in the comic opera class at the conservatory he made his professional début at the Opera Comique in 1852. In 1861 he appeared at the Grand Opera and from then on was continually successful. In 1876 he retired from the operatic stage, but returned to the Opera Comique after some years and remained there until within a few years before his death. In 1857 he became a professor at the Conservatory. In 1881 he was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor. As a composer he became well-known for his sacred songs, particularly Les Rameaux ("The Palms'). In 1886 he published La Voix et le Chant, a treatise on vocalization. He was also a critic and collector of art.

FEDERAL COUNCIL OF THE CHURCHES OF CHRIST IN AMERICA. The work of the council was carried on aggressively during 1914 along its established lines, including State and local federations, foreign missions, home missions, religious education, social service, evangelism, Sunday observance, temperance, and peace and arbitration. During the year Rev. Sidney L. Gulick, of Japan, visited leading cities under arrangements made by the Federal Council to represent the missionaries of Japan concerning American relationships with the Eastern races. The council also published two lectures by Dr. Gulick "A New Immigration Policy," and "The American-Japanese Problem." At the Church Peace Conference, held in Geneva on Aug. 2, 1914, Dr. Charles S. Macfarland, secretary of the council, delivered an address on "The Churches of Christ in America and International Peace." The council has undertaken to organize the religious activities in connection with the Panama-Pacific Exposition in California. It has also taken an active part in the movement to provide additional chaplains for the army and navy. A commission on peace and arbitration started an international campaign in 1913 which continued in 1914. The council in 1914 continued the compilation of religious statistics under the supervision of Dr. H. K. Carroll.

The denominations affiliated with the Federal Council are as follows: The Baptist Churches (North), the National Baptist Convention (colored), the Free Baptist Churches, the Christian Church, the Congregational Churches, the Disciples of Christ, the Friends, the German Evangelical Synod, the Evangelical Association, the Evangelical Lutheran Church (General Synod), the Mennonite Church, the Methodist Episcopal Church, the Methodist Episcopal Church (South), the African M. E. Church, the African M. E. Zion Church, the Colored M. E. Church in America, the Methodist Protestant Church, the Moravian Church, the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A., the Presbyterian Church in U. S. (South), the Primitive Methodist Church, the