Of 2,025 foreign-born persons shown in the preceding table 38.3 per cent have been in the United States under five years, 64.3 per cent have been in this country under ten years, and 88.3 per cent have a residence of under twenty years. Of those who have been in the United States under five years the South Italians show the largest proportion, 60.8 per cent. The Russians, Poles, and Ruthenians show over 50 per cent, the Slovaks, Lithuanians, and Germans over 20 per cent, while only 1.7 per cent of the Swedes have been in the United States under five years. The Russians show 87.5 per cent and the South Italians and Ruthenians over 80 per cent who have been in the United States under ten years. The Poles show over 75 per cent, the Lithuanians over 60 per cent, the Slovaks over 55 per cent, the Germans over 30 per cent, while only 15.7 per cent of the Swedes have been in this country under ten years. The Russians and Ruthenians report 100 per cent, the Poles, South Italians, and Lithuanians over 95 per cent, the Slovaks over 90 per cent, the Swedes 60 per cent, and the Germans 44.5 per cent who have been in the United States under twenty years.

RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME.

The racial composition of the machine and foundry products manufacturing establishments of the community at the present time is exhibited by the following table, which shows, by sex, the number and percentage of employees of each race for whom information was secured:

TABLE 165.-Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and by general nativity and race.

TABLE 165.—Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and by general nativity and race-Continued.

From the above table it will be noted that of the 3,924 employees of this industry, concerning whom information was obtained, 81.7 per cent are foreign-born, 11.1 per cent native-born of foreign father, and 7.2 per cent native whites born of native father. It will also be noted that the foreign-born constitute a considerably larger proportion of the total number of males than of the total number of females, while the native-born of foreign father and the native whites born of native father constitute a considerably smaller and a slightly smaller proportion, respectively, of all males than of all females for whom information was obtained. While a very large number of races are represented among the employees of this industry, only those the representatives of which constitute as much as 1 per cent of either the total number of males or females are considered. Considering the males, it will be seen that among the foreign-born the Poles, with 28.4 per cent, constitute a much larger proportion than the Swedes, who, with 11.3 per cent, constitute a slightly larger proportion than the Germans, Lithuanians, or South Italians. Of the native-born of foreign father, those whose fathers were born in Ireland constitute 3.8 per cent of the total number of males, a proportion slightly in excess of that constituted by those whose fathers were born in Germany. The females grouped as foreign-born Poles constitute 41.4 per cent of the total number of females for whom information was secured. The German, Lithuanian, and Russian females each constitute 5.8 per cent. Among the native-born of foreign father those whose fathers were born in Ireland, Germany, and Sweden constitute 5.6, 5.4, and 3 per cent of the total number of females, respectively.

CHAPTER III.

ECONOMIC STATUS.

Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied-General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied—General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied-Annual earnings of male heads of families studied-Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual family income-Wives at work-Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives in keeping boarders and lodgers— Sources of family income-Relative importance of the different sources of family income [Text Tables 166 to 183 and General Tables 134 to 143].

INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

Before entering into a discussion of the economic status in this country of employees and members of their households in Community C, the industrial condition and principal occupation of immigrant workers and members of their households while abroad are considered. The first table presented in this connection, which immediately follows, shows, by race of individual, the industrial condition before coming to the United States of males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at the time of arrival in this country.

In the following table the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming is shown, by race of individual.

TABLE 166.—Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of 1,014 foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of arrival in the United States, 2 per cent were without оссираtion, 32.5 per cent were working for wages, 54.2 per cent were working without wages, and 11.2 per cent were working for profit before coming to this country. The Germans report the highest percentage who were without occupation, while no Russians, Ruthenians, or Slovaks were in that condition before coming to the United States. The Germans also show the highest and the Poles the lowest percentage who were working for wages before coming to this country. The Poles show the highest percentage and the Germans the lowest percentage who were working without wages, and the South Italians the highest and the Russians the lowest percentage who were working for profit before coming to the United States.

The table next submitted shows, by race of individual, the occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males, in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of arrival. TABLE 167.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.

Of 1,014 foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, 2 per cent were without occupation, 32.5 per cent were working for wages, 54.2 per cent were working without wages, and 11.2 per cent were working for profit before coming to this country. Of those who were working for wages 16.3 per cent were farm laborers, 0.6 per cent were general laborers, 0.9 per cent were drivers and teamsters, 4.3 per cent were factory operatives, 6.7 per cent were in hand trades, and 3.7 per cent were in other occupations. Of those who were working without wages before coming to the United States 52.6 per cent were farm laborers and 1.7 per cent were in other occupations. Of those who were working for profit 10.1 per cent were farmers, 0.5 per cent were in hand trades, and 0.7 per cent were in trade.

The Germans show the highest percentage who were without occupation while all of the Russians, Ruthenians, and Slovaks were