Money orders by private agent to Italy from Community B, August 1, 1907, to July 20,

Money is sent abroad by these foreign-born persons for a number of reasons. One of the chief purposes is to support a wife or parents at home. Another reason for remittances is that single men desiring to return send their money in advance, as they have more faith in foreign institutions than in our own. Immigrants who have borrowed money to come to the United States make remittances for the purpose of settling such obligations. Money is often sent in order that parents, wife, or friends may come to this country.

SCHOOL ATTENDANCE.

The school facilities in Community B are very good. There are 19 day schools, with 116 teachers, under the supervision of a city superintendent, and 1 night school conducted by the city. In addition to the public schools, parochial schools are conducted by the German, Polish, French Canadian, and Irish Catholics; 2 schools are conducted by the German Lutherans and by the Hebrews. The number of students in each of the parochial schools is shown in the following statement:

School children in the parochial schools of Community B.

The Jewish school and one of the German Lutheran schools were not enumerated under the parochial schools because the children attending also attended the public school. The Jewish school has 2 teachers and 60 students, and the children are taught to speak, read, and write Hebrew, to study Hebrew history, and are instructed in the Talmud. The Lutheran school is conducted by the Lutheran minister, and the children are taught to read, write, and speak the German language.

Attendance up to the age of 14 is compulsory for all children in the State of Connecticut and this law is faithfully carried out in Community B. As showing the effect of this law the table following is presented, which shows, by sex and race, the number of children in the public schools of Community B in 1909.

School children, by race, in the public schools of Community B, 1909.

The children of all immigrant races have made uniform progress in the schools of this community with the exception of the French Canadian and Polish. The former are hard to discipline and the latter, although considered as plodders, are dull. The Swedish and German children are remarkably bright, but this is attributed to the training received at home, which, in the case of every race, has had a decided effect upon the child. The extent to which these immigrants or their children, who are precluded from attending school during the day, attempt to secure an education in the evening is shown in the following statement:

Countries represented in evening schools of Community B, 1907–8.

For the year 1907-8 the enrollment in the night school was 314— 261 males and 53 females. The sessions covered a period of seventyfive nights (four nights a week) and men and women from 11 countries were enrolled as students. The average attendance was 159, and the number of teachers 9. Of the entire number, 187 could not read and write the English language on entering school, and the

main aim of the teachers was to teach these branches first. For the more advanced students a class in bookkeeping and composition was given and the results attained were very satisfactory. The brightest students in the night school and the ones making most advancement were found to be persons of the Polish race, while the hardest to teach and the slowest to grasp ideas were the Italians. The night school in Community B has done excellent work. A charge of $1 is made upon each student entering and on attending a certain number of sessions, and if forced to leave the school on account of moving to another city the money is returned. In this way the thriftless are kept from attending, discipline is preserved, and those who come to learn are able to gain their object.

The city school is one of the strongest forces in the process of assimilation, and between the children of the various races attending school the relationship is most cordial. There are no barriers as far as race is concerned, and all children meet on an equal footing, pursue the same studies, and are under the same, influence. The result has been that the children of all foreign races through the influence of the public schools are more rapidly Americanized than would be possible in any other way. No immigrants are employed as teachers in the public schools of Community B, and but one Jewish girl, the daughter of an immigrant, is employed as a teacher in the kindergarten and also in the night school. With the exception of the Irish no other children of immigrants have been employed in the schools, mainly for the reason that their education stops at the age of 14, at which age they usually enter the factories and shops.

STATUS OF CHILDREN IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The status of children in the households studied may be seen in the following table, which shows, by sex and general nativity and race of individual, the percentage of children 6 and under 16 years of age who were at home, at school, and at work:

TABLE 148.—Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of individual.

[This table includes only races with 40 or more children reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

TABLE 148.-Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of individual-Continued.

The preceding table shows that of 535 children 6 and under 16 years of age, 6.5 per cent are at home, 86.5 per cent are at school, and 6.9 per cent are at work. A much larger proportion of foreignborn children are reported as being at home than is the case with either the native-born of foreign father or the native-born whites of native father. The children who are native-born whites of native father show the highest percentage who are at school, followed by those who are native-born of foreign father and those of foreign. birth, in the order named. The children who are native-born of foreign-father show the highest per cent at work, followed by those who are of foreign birth and by the native whites born of native father.

Of the children who are native-born of foreign father, those whose fathers are Poles show the largest proportion, or 8.2 per cent, and those whose fathers were born in Germany; the smallest proportion, or 1.2 per cent at home. Native-born children whose fathers were born in Germany show 90.5 per cent at school, while those whose fathers are Swedes, French Canadians, Poles, and South Italians show from 82.5 to 88.7 per cent at school. A considerably higher percentage of children whose fathers are South Italians, than of children whose fathers are Germans, Poles, French Canadians, and Swedes,, are reported as being at work.

CITIZENSHIP.

As regards the interest in and the attainment of citizenship by persons of foreign birth, the following table shows, by race of individual, the present political condition of foreign-born males who had been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to this country:

TABLE 149.-Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]

It appears from the data presented in the above table that 49.5 per cent of the foreign-born males in this locality who have been in the United States five years or over and were 21 years of age or over at the time of coming are fully naturalized, and 17.6 per cent have first papers only. Of the races for which the percentages have been computed, the Swedes and Germans, in the order mentioned, have the largest and the South Italians the smallest proportion of individuals who are fully naturalized, and the Poles, Swedes, and French Canadians have the largest and the South Italians the smallest proportion of individuals who have first papers only.

According to the figures for the years 1880, 1890, and from 19001908 the races from Great Britain and Ireland show the greatest tendency toward naturalization. Taking the above years as a basis, persons of the English race and those from Canada secured 177 final papers. Germany followed, with 143; Russia, with 49; Italy, with 43; Austria, with 33; Sweden, with 29; Turkey, with 5; Switzerland and Denmark, with 3; France, Holland, and Norway, 2; Roumania and Greece, 1. The naturalization is taken by countries, and not by races, so that under such an enumeration more than one race may be entered from a country, yet the proportions are fairly maintained and may be used as an estimate.

The interest in American citizenship manifested by persons of foreign birth may be more readily understood by referring to the tables following, which show, by countries, the number and character of naturalization papers issued in each specified year.