Of the total number of 175 males of all races furnishing information for the preceding table, only 1.7 per cent were unmarried. A slightly larger percentage of foreign-born as compared with total native-born are married, only 1.3 per cent of all foreign males being single, 98 per cent married, and a fraction of 1 per cent widowers. In the case of the two foreign races reporting in sufficient numbers for a computation of percentages, it is seen that all of the North Italians are married or have been married and only 2 per cent of the Lithuanians are single.

The conjugal condition of the females in the households studied is even more interesting than that exhibited by the tabulation of the males. Of the total of 159 from whom information was received, all of any age above twenty years were married. This situation, which is a normal one so far as women of recent immigration are concerned, is probably more pronounced in the Middle West than in Pennsylvania or the South, because of the relatively greater proportion of the mine workers of recent immigration who have permanently settled or contemplate a permanent residence in the mining localities of the Middle West.

In connection with the general conjugal condition of the foreignborn males, it is important to inquire as to the location of the wives of the males, for the reason that the presence of the wife and family with the husband usually indicates the intention on the part of the husbands of remaining permanently in the United States. The first table submitted below, which is the result of a study of 5,440 employees, shows the per cent of foreign-born husbands who report a wife in the United States or abroad; the second table exhibits, by designated periods of residence of foreign-born husbands in the United States, the per cent who report wives abroad.

TABLE 369.-Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more husbands reporting. The total, however, is for all foreignborn.]

TABLE 370.—Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, by race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more husbands reporting.]

Upon referring to the foregoing tables it is seen that practically none of the northern and western races are without their wives, while the Croatians, Russians, Magyars, and South Italians show considerable percentages of those whose wives are abroad.

VISITS ABROAD.

The bituminous coal-mining employees of foreign birth, especially the unmarried or those whose wives are abroad, tend to move readily from one mining community or district to another, according to the variations in the demand for labor. In periods of industrial depression or slackness of work they also frequently return home to await a revival of industrial activity in this country. Moreover, as might be anticipated, the immigrant who expects to remain permanently in the United States also revisits his own country to renew old ties or to attend to business matters.

The table following throws light upon the migratory habits of the different races. It enumerates the visits of foreign-born males to their native lands, by period of residence in the United States and by race.

TABLE 371.- Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

All races included in the table above show a tendency to increase. the proportion of persons who make one or more visits abroad, according to the period of residence in this country; 7.3 per cent of the total for all races of under five years' residence in the United States, 13.6 per cent of the total of a residence between five and nine years, and 18.4 per cent of the total who had been in this country ten years or over having made one or more visits abroad.

In all periods of residence the greatest tendency to make visits abroad is noticed in the case of the South Italians, 21.8 per cent of which race in the United States under five years, 18.6 per cent between five and nine years, and 20.6 per cent ten years or over having made one or more visits to Italy. On the other hand, only 6.3 per cent of the North Italians of a residence under five years, 18.4 per cent between five and nine years, and 36.6 per cent ten years or over made one or more visits, indicating less tendency among those of a shorter period of residence and a stronger tendency among those of a more extended period of residence among the North Italians, as compared with the South Italians, to revisit their home country. The Magyars also indicate an increasing tendency by period of residence, 7.1 per cent of the total in the United States under five years, 13.6 per cent of a residence between five and nine years, and 29.3 per cent of a residence of ten years or over reporting one or more visits. Very few Croatians of a short period of residence make any visits, but 17.3 per cent of those who have been in the United States between five and nine years, and 23.1 per cent of those in the United States ten years or over, report one or more visits. Of the English, 10.9 per cent under five years' residence, 28.9 per cent between five and nine years, and 22.9 per cent of ten years' residence or over also state that they have made one or more

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visits. It is also a striking fact that 30 per cent of the Welsh of a residence under five years and 22 per cent of ten years' residence or more report one or more visits abroad. The Slovaks and Russians indicate about the same tendency to revisit their native land, the proportions of each race under each designated period of residence being about the same. It is also of importance to note that practically none of the representatives of the Irish race report any visits to Ireland until a period of residence of ten years or over in this country is reached.

AGE CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSE

HOLDS.

The following tables show the percentage of persons in each specified age group, by sex and general nativity and race of head of household. The first presented covers the male members of the household. TABLE 372.-Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] MALE.

It is of interest to note from the preceding table that of the 373 males furnishing information, almost one-half, or 49.9 per cent, are under 16 years of age; 30.6 per cent of the total are under 6 years of age; 17.7 from 6 to 13; and 1.6 per cent from 14 to 15 years of age. Although the foreign-born show none of their number between the ages of 14 and 15 years, 49.1 per cent are under 14 years of age. Of the four foreign-born races furnishing information, the Poles, Lithuanians, and South Italians, in the order named, each show over 50 per cent under 16 years of age. With the exception of the North Italians, who show a slightly smaller proportion under 6 than from 30 to 44 years of age, or 27.4 as compared with 29.2 per cent, the other races each show a larger proportion under 6 years of age than in any other age group, ranging from 36.5 per cent of the Poles to 29.5 per cent of the South Italians. Of those from 6 to 13 years of age, the South Italians with 19.7 per cent show the largest, and the North Italians with 16 per cent the smallest proportion. Of the males over 16, the largest proportion are from 30 to 44 and the smallest from 16 to 19 years of age, while the percentage of males 45 or over is but little more than the percentage of males whose ages are from 16 to 19. The proportion of males from 30 to 44 ranges from 32.4 per cent of the Lithuanians to 22.9 per cent of the South Italians, and of those from 20 to 29 the Poles with 19.2 per cent show the largest, and the Lithuanians with 10.8 per cent the smallest proportion.

Of the 343 females furnishing information, 48.6 per cent are under 16 years of age; 26.8 per cent of the total number are under 6 and 19.2 per cent from 6 to 13 years of age. Of those over 16, 25.9 per cent of the total number are from 20 to 29 and 18.4 per cent from 30 to 44 years of age.

Of the four races furnishing information, the South Italians alone show over 50 per cent under 16 years of age. The greatest difference in the proportions under 6 and from 6 to 13 years of age is shown by the Lithuanians and Poles-the former showing 32.7 per cent under 6, as compared with 15.8 per cent from 6 to 13, while the latter shows 25 per cent under 6 and 18.2 per cent from 6 to 13 years of age. As between the North and South Italians in these two age groups there is little difference.

In the two age groups from 20 to 29 and 30 to 44 years of age, each race, with the exception of the South Italian, shows a larger proportion in the first than in the second group. The largest proportion in the first, and smallest in the second group, is shown by the North Italians, or 28 per cent as compared with 15.8 per cent. The proportions of Lithuanians and Poles, as will be seen from the above table, are but slightly lower than the North Italians in the first group. It will also be noted that a very small proportion of the females of each race are 45 years of age or over.

A combination shows the percentage of the combined totals of males and females furnishing information. Of the 716 males and females reporting complete data, 49.3 per cent are under 16 years of age. As in the preceding tables a larger proportion are under 6 than from 6 to 13 years, while of those above 16 a larger proportion are from 30 to 44 than from 20 to 29 years of age.