83.9 per cent are receiving more than $2 per day, about 22 per cent
between $2 and $2.50, 29 per cent between $2.50 and $3, and 26
per cent between $3 and $3.50.

As regards persons native-born of foreign father, or the second
generation, those whose fathers were born in Germany stand first
among all races in the proportion of their number earning $2 or over
per day, followed by those with fathers born in England, Scotland,
and Wales, in the order named. Among the mine workers of the
second generation who are earning $3 or more per day the Germans
still stand first, the Scotch second, English third, and Welsh fourth.
Among those earning $3.50 or more per day the Scotch have a much
larger proportion than any other class of employees.

As regards the races of foreign birth, the proportions earning $2
or more per day appear in the following order: Russian, Croatian,
German, English, South Italian, Scotch, Bohemian and Moravian,
Welsh, North Italian, Irish, Slovak, French, Polish, Lithuanian,
Slovenian, and Magyar. The relative ranking according to percent-
ages of different races earning $2.50 or more per day is Croatian,
German, English, Scotch, South Italian, Bohemian and Moravian,
Irish, Russian, Welsh, Slovak, French, North Italian, Lithuanian,
Slovenian, Polish, and Magyar. Eighty-three and one-tenth per cent
of the total foreign-born are earning $2 or over per day. In addition
to the exhibit as to earnings for the adult males, the table next pre-
sented shows the per cent of males 14 but under 18 years of age who
are earning specified amounts per day, by general nativity and race.
TABLE 331.-Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each speci-
fied amount per day, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Per cent earning each specified amount per day.

Number

General nativity and race.

reporting earnings
Average
complete
data.

per day.

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings
allowance is made for time lost during the year.

Upon examining the foregoing table, the comparatively small num-
ber of foreign-born mining employees under 18 years of age is at once
apparent. Out of a total of 659 of this age period only 119 were of
foreign birth. This situation is due to the comparatively small num-
ber of immigrant youths between the ages of 14 and 18 years, and
is not to be ascribed to any greater tendency among the foreign-born
to attend school or to seek employment in industries other than min-

ing than among the native-born of native father or with the second.
generation.

The numbers of the different races of foreign birth are too small to
admit of a showing by percentages as to proportions earning desig-
nated amounts. Upon comparing the total foreign-born with the
totals for the persons native-born attention is at once attracted by
the fact that a larger proportion of the foreign-born appears in all
wage groups, and is especially noticeable in the groups earning $2
or more than $2 per day. This condition of affairs is probably due
to two causes: (1) The higher average age of the foreign-born in this
group; (2) the tendency of the foreign-born youths to work in the occu-
pations, such as loading, in which foreign-born adults are engaged.
The same tendency is exhibited by the second generation. In con-
nection with the second generation, it is also worthy of note that per-
sons of English descent show the largest proportions in all wage groups
above the group comprising persons earning $1 or over per day.

RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY.

The following tables show the comparative earnings of foreign-
born males 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence
in the United States:

TABLE 332.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per day, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary
lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing
annual earnings allowance is made for lost time during the year.

TABLE 332.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per day, by race and length of residence in the United States-Cont'd.

TABLE 333.-Comparative earnings per day of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age
or over, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary
lost time or lost time from shut-downs or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing
annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

From the figures shown for the various races in the foregoing tables, there appears a tendency among the races of recent immigration for the earning ability to increase as the length of residence in the United States increases. For example, 95.5 per cent of the South Italians in the United States as long as ten years earn $2 or more per day, as compared to 93.6 per cent of those here from five to nine years and 84.3 per cent of those of less than five years' residence. Though none of the South Italians who have arrived within the past five years are earning as much as $3.50 per day, 14.9 per cent of those in this country ten years or more are earning that amount. The Russians appear creditably in the higher wage groups, and the proportions increase steadily with length of residence. The proportions earning as much as $3.50 a day are 5.1 per cent of those less than five years in the United States, 25.2 per cent of those here from five to nine years, and 35.7 per cent of those here at least ten years, the last figure being the highest shown for any race in this wage group.

On the other hand, the earnings of the races of older immigration decrease as the length of residence increases. All of the English in the United States less than five years earn at least $1.50 a day, whereas 2 per cent of those here ten years or more are earning less than $1.25 a day; 27.9 per cent of those here less than five years earn at least $3.50 a day, in contrast with 20.9 per cent of those here ten years or more. This does not imply that the races of recent immigration become better mine workers than do those of older immigration; as has been stated, the recent immigrants remain in the mining industry, whereas a large majority of those of older immigration take up more remunerative employment, leaving, in most instances, the less efficient of their races to represent them in the mines.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED.

In addition to the study of individual employees, an investigation was made of 163 families whose heads were of native or foreign birth and who were employed in or around the bituminous mines of the Middle West. The results of this family study, so far as they relate to the earnings of the husband, the family income and its sources, and the general economic condition of the families, are presented in the next series of tabulations.

The extent to which the heads of families are regularly employed has an important bearing upon the economic condition of the family and tends to show the relative industriousness of the different heads. In this connection the table following shows the number of husbands, husbands at work, and per cent of husbands at work of the families studied in the Middle West.

TABLE 334.-Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.

No comment upon the above table is necessary. It is apparent at a glance that the number of husbands equals the number of families and that all the husbands, both of native and foreign birth, are reported at work. The figures of the table, therefore, speak well for the industry of all employees having family responsibilities and for their ability to secure and retain work.

The table immediately preceding also shows the average annual earnings of the heads of families, but the discussion of this column may be considered in a more satisfactory way by comparing it with the range of earnings of the heads of families. Such a comparison is furnished by the table showing the average earnings of the heads of families, together with the number and per cent earning specified amounts per year, by general nativity and race.

TABLE 335.-Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284.|||