The population of the town in 1900 was 3,071, made up of 2,401 or 78.2 per cent native whites, 435 or 14.2 per cent second generation foreign whites, 234 or 7.6 per cent immigrant whites. Since 1900 the population has increased to a point ranging between 10,000

and 12,000.

Native whites, English, Scotch, and Irish, and small numbers of Germans, compose about three-fourths of the present population of the community. From 15 to 20 per cent of the inhabitants are French and French-Belgians. Swedes, North Italians, Magyars, Poles, Slovaks, and Syrians are found in small numbers in the town's population. The numbers of Magyars, Poles, and Slovaks are increased when mining camps lying at a distance of 5 miles or more from the town are considered. Lithuanians are also found in these outlying mining camps.

The English-speaking peoples and the Germans have been in this locality in considerable numbers during the past twenty-five years. The small representation of Swedes is also made up of persons who have been in the United States for a long period. All these races are to a great extent identified with the natives. French and FrenchBelgians have been entering the locality for a period of about twenty years, and during the past ten years have been coming in much larger numbers than previously. The North Italian and Magyar immigration to the locality has taken place within the past five or six years. Poles, Slovaks, and Lithuanians have arrived in greatest numbers since the year 1905.

COMMUNITY No. 2.

This community is situated in the block coal district of Indiana. The block coal mines of the State as a whole give employment under normal industrial conditions to somewhat above 1,500 persons on the

Of this number, about 1,200 are in or around community No. 2. The geological seams of coal from which the Indiana block coal is mined are Nos. III and IV, which lie at a depth from the surface varying from 42 to 215 feet, and range from 3 to 5 feet in thickness.

The population in the block coal region has been on the decline for the past ten years or more, but during the past nine years there has been a constantly increasing concentration of this population around community No. 2. The town with its immediate environs now has 1,200 or more inhabitants, or about 4 times as many people as lived in the same region in 1900.

This population is made up of native whites, English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, North Italians and Tyrolese, and Slovaks, together with a small number of Poles. An estimate of the number of males 16 years of age or over and of families in the community is as follows:

The English-speaking peoples of foreign birth have been in the community during the past thirty-five years and are at present closely associated with the native-born. Slovaks have been in the locality in small numbers for twenty-five years. The majority of the Slovaks, however, as well as practically all of the Italians, Tyrolese, and Poles now in the locality, have arrived within the past fifteen years. These races have come principally from Europe, and this field has served as a base from which immigrants have gone out into towns of the bituminous fields.

COMMUNITY No. 3.

This town is near the western border and somewhat south of the center of the State. Mining is the chief industry, and the town is the coal center of the county in which it is located. The region overlies part of the northeastern margin of the Illinois-Indiana coal field. The veins worked are geologically known as Nos. VI and VII, and have a thickness of from 4 feet 8 inches to 6 feet 6 inches, lying at a depth from the surface of from 110 to 340 feet.

The population of the community in 1900 was 2,918, made up of 1,966 native whites, 465 second-generation foreign whites, 433 foreignborn whites, 51 negroes, and 3 Chinese. Since the year 1900, the population has increased to about 6,500, and a large share of this increase has been due to the influx of immigrants. English, Scotch, Welsh, Irish, and Germans, in considerable numbers, together with Danes and Swedes in smaller numbers, have been in the community for a long period and have become in great measure identified with natives. North Italians, together with Tyrolese, however, make up a larger proportion of the recent immigrant population than any other race. Lithuanians, Finns, and Magyars, are also present in considerable numbers. Poles, Slovaks, Slovenians, Bulgarians, and Roumanians, taken together, constitute another important element of the population. South Italians and Hebrews have come in in small numbers, and there are a few Chinese in the town.

Estimates of the number of males of working age (16 years old and over), and of families, among the various races of recent immigration are given in the following statement:

Aside from the immigration of English-speaking peoples, Germans, Swedes, and Danes, practically all of the immigration to the community has taken place within the past fifteen years. North Italians began to arrive in small numbers as early as the year 1886 and have been

coming more or less steadily since 1896. Lithuanians, Finns, Magyars, Poles, Slovaks, and Slovenians all began to come to this community from twelve to fifteen years ago. The period of heaviest immigration among all these races, however, as is evidenced by the large increase in the town's population, has been since 1900, and during this period a large part of the immigration has come from other sections of the United States. Prior to the year 1900 the greater part of the immigration was direct from Europe.

COMMUNITY No. 4.

This community is in the southeastern part of the State and is situated in the same county as Community No. 1. Coal mining is extensively engaged in and is the sole industry of the town. Seven mines are in operation in the locality, giving employment under normal industrial conditions to about 1,000 men. The geological seams of coal worked are Nos. III and IV, which lie at a depth from the surface varying from 43 to 153 feet. The thickness of these veins varies from 5 feet to 7 feet 6 inches.

The town has grown up almost entirely within the past eight years. In the year 1900 there were only 110 inhabitants. Shortly afterwards a railroad was constructed through the region, and coal mining developed extensively. The population has now increased to more than 3,000 people. Living quarters and accommodations, owing to the rapid growth, were at first crude, and developments along this line did not go forward rapidly enough to furnish adequate housing facilities for the steadily increasing numbers of employees needed in the mines. Under these conditions it was difficult to secure native and English-speaking mine workers. Consequently, recourse was had to races of immigrants who were not so exacting as to living and housing facilities.

Magyars were the first among the races of recent immigrants to settle in the community, and they arrived in larger numbers than did the other races. Poles and Slovaks, together with small numbers of Lithuanians, followed the Magyars, and these races now constitute the greater proportion of alien immigration. The number of adult males among the Magyars finally reached about 125, among the Poles about 100, and among the Slovaks about 75.

A few years after the town was established the number of homes suitable for natives and English-speaking peoples became sufficient for an increased population, and natives and allied races became more firmly established in the mines, in a measure displacing the races of recent immigration. During the past three years there has been a more or less constant, although gradual, egress of Magyars, Poles, and Slovaks, who have sought employment in other mining localities. About the middle of March, 1909, all of the remaining Magyars were forcibly driven out of the town, and many of the Poles and Slovaks left the community as a result of a riot between the natives and Magyars. It is estimated that there are now not more than 40 Polish and 25 Slovak men of working age left in the town.

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COMMUNITY No. 5.

This community is located in one of the heaviest coal-producing sections in the bituminous district in Indiana. The vein of coal principally worked is geological seam No. IV, which here lies at a depth from the surface varying from 50 feet to 120 feet. The thickness of the coal ranges from 6 feet to 7 feet 4 inches. The mines in the vicinity give employment under normal industrial conditions to more than 1,400 men. Of this number from 400 to 500 are employees who live in the town, which forms the center of population for the community.

The town itself is now estimated to have a population of from 1,200 to 1,500, as compared with 129 inhabitants in the year 1900. A large part of this rapid increase of population has been due to the influx of recent immigrants who have come to this locality in most cases from other sections of the United States, particularly from Pennsylvania and West Virginia.

The recent immigrants found in the town are Lithuanians, Slovaks, and South Italians, together with small numbers of Poles and Ruthenians. An estimate of the number of men of working age (16 years old or over) and of families of the races of recent immigration is as follows:

The community, therefore, furnishes a first-class illustration of a mining locality which has developed during the past four or five years. The bulk of immigration to the locality on the part of each of the races of recent immigrants took place between the years 1902 and 1907. Practically all the races of recent immigration have come to the community within the past eight years.

REPRESENTATIVE DISTRICTS IN OHIO.

In submitting a somewhat detailed account of the racial movements to the Ohio coal fields, individual communities or towns are not presented, but divisions based upon county lines and upon accepted designations of the different fields have been observed. This method of presentation has the advantage of giving a general conception of the history of immigration to the coal mines of the State as well as a detailed application to certain districts. The divisions are as follows: (a) The Massillon field (Stark County), (b) Tuscarawas County, (c) Belmont-Jefferson-Harrison field (Belmont, Jefferson, and Harrison counties), (d) the Hocking field (Athens, Hocking, and Perry counties), (e) the Jackson field (Jackson County), (f) the Guernsey field (Guernsey County).

The table following shows by principal coal-producing counties the total number of mining employees in Ohio in 1908:

TABLE 321.-Number of coal-mine employees in Ohio, by county, 1908.

By referring to the above table it is seen that in the divisions under consideration approximately 45,000 men are employed. The table also shows the three counties having each more than 1,000 miners, which are not included in the discussion. In several other counties of the State some coal is mined, but the output is small and the number of employees of foreign birth in the industry of no consequence.

The mines in Jackson County were opened about the year 1880. The original miners were Welsh, English, Scotch, Irish, and native Americans, with the Welsh predominant in point of numbers. The races mentioned above had been immigrating to the county for a period of sixty years prior to the opening of these mines. Consequently many so-called Welsh, English, Irish, and Scotch were really the second or third generation of these races. No later immigrants have ever been employed, because the operators decided that they preferred English-speaking miners and have adhered strictly to this determination. The mines at present are almost exhausted. Production is rapidly declining, and while other seams of coal may be developed it is very evident that now and for some years to come there will be none of the races of more recent immigrants employed in the mining industry in this field.

Although some mining had been done in the Guernsey County field before 1840, the operations did not assume any commercial importance until about the year 1880. During the period 1880 to 1882 a few Slovaks and Magyars arrived in this field and found employment. In the two years 1884 and 1885 one or two large mines were opened, and additional Slovaks and Magyars were secured. Since that time Slovak, Lithuanian, Polish, Magyar, and Belgian miners have been employed in the mines throughout this county. At the present time the mining employees are as follows, by race: Native-born of native and foreign fathers.. Old immigration:

Welsh....

Recent immigration:

Slovak..

Lithuanian.

Polish..

Magyar

Belgian..

3, 400

150

2, 100

150

100

100

300