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English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh have been coming to the locality for the past fifteen years, and in greater numbers during the past five years. There are now from 175 to 200 adult males among these people in the community, about 100 of whom are married men having families with them. The Scotch, Welsh, and Irish are present in equal proportions, and the English are estimated to be as numerous as these others taken together. Small numbers of these peoples are found outside of the mines, in business enterprises and in the building trades, but a large majority of the men among them are at work at the coal mines. They are found in all the mining occupations and show a tendency to dominate the more responsible positions, as of foremen, examiners, and superintendents.

There are about 15 German families in the community. A small number of these people have come to the locality during the past five years from other sections of the United States, but most of them have been living on farms in the surrounding territory during a period of twenty years. About three-fourths of the men work in the coal mines and are scattered generally throughout all the occupations. The remaining one-fourth are engaged in business and in clerical work in the town. The North Italians have come to the community during the past ten years usually from neighboring mining towns and other sections of the United States. There are now from 40 to 50 North Italian families in the locality, with a male population of working age of about 140. Aside from the four who are merchants, all of the men among the North Italians are mine workers. In the mines they are engaged chiefly in digging and loading coal, but are gradually advancing to the more responsible occupations.

There are about 150 South Italian men in the community, from 25 to 35 of them being married men with families. These people have come to the locality, largely from other sections of the United States, during the past eight or ten years, and have formed colonies in the town proper and at a mining camp one mile distant. Their total number has maintained a gradual and steady increase, but the individuals among them are regarded in large measure as a floating element in the population. With the exception of the proprietors and employees of the several stores and barber shops, the South Italians are at work in the coal mines, where they are found as diggers and loaders.

The French have a male adult population in the community of 30 or 40, most of them having come during the past four or five years from other sections of the United States. About 10 of them are in clerical positions, or are day laborers doing occasional work in the town. Other men are at work in the coal mines as diggers and loaders largely, but somewhat distributed in all the less responsible mining occupations.

Lithuanians have been coming to the community for the past seven years, but the majority have arrived within the past four or five years, chiefly from other coal regions of this country. The male population of working age among them now is estimated to number 175, 50 to 75 of whom are married men with families. There are 3 Lithuanian business men who operate one general store and a small theater. The rest of the men work in the coal mines as diggers and loaders and, in smaller numbers, as cagers and timbermen.

There are about 75 adult male Croatians in the community, probably 30 of whom are married men with families. They have come to the locality during the past five years, most of them from mining towns in other sections of the United States. All of the men are at work in the coal mines, where they are employed as diggers and loaders. The Slovaks have entered the community during the past five years, the majority of them from other mining sections of the United States. It is estimated that there are now 15 Slovak families, with a total adult male population of more than 50. The Slovaks are all mine workers and most of them are loaders and diggers of coal. Small numbers of Poles and Slovenians have come to the community during the past three or four years. It is estimated that there are fewer than 15 men, and not more than five or six families in both of these races combined. Practically all of the men of these races work as loaders and diggers in the coal mines. Races other than those already enumerated make up only a very slight portion of the town's population.

COMMUNITY No. 9.

Another interesting illustration of a remarkable increase in population and of the influx of recent immigrants arising from coal mining development in recent years is seen in this community. It is located 20 miles southeast of Community No. 6 and is in the most southern mining district of Illinois, being over 300 miles south of Chicago, and about 70 miles northeast of Cairo. It is the county seat and its population, owing to the extension of coal-mining operations, has trebled within the past nine years.

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Shipping mines have been operated about fifteen years in the county in which the community is situated. The annual output of all the county's mines, however, prior to the year ending July 1, 1906, had never reached 500,000 tons. In 1905 the output was only about 250,000 tons. In 1908 the output was about 2,500,000 tons, of which one company produced more than 2,000,000 tons. When this company took charge of the mines in 1905 it was giving employment to only 600 to 700 men. This working force has now increased to almost 4,000 men, the percentage of each race employed being as follows:

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The population of the town itself is made up principally of native whites, negroes, English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, Lithuanians, and Poles. Germans are found in small numbers, and other races make

a Illinois Coal Report, 1907, State Bureau of Labor Statistics.

up a very slight proportion of the population. Considerable numbers of Slovaks and Magyars also live in mining camps only a few miles distant from the town. Negroes are estimated to make up somewhat less than 5 per cent of the population and have largely been born and reared in the community. The immigrants, except the English-speaking peoples and Germans, have come to the locality during the past three years, usually from other mining sections of the United States.

Representatives of the Germans and of the English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh races have been in the community for more than twenty years. The majority of the British peoples, however, have come in during the past seven years, but these races and the Germans seem to be thoroughly identified with the natives and to compete with them on an equal footing both for employment and in business. The British are found principally in the mines, and are there employed in all occupations.

The Lithuanians by far outnumber all the other races of recent immigrants in the county. It is estimated that there are from 900 to 1,000 adult male Lithuanians now in the county and that from 200 to 225 of these are married men who have come to the county during the past three years from other mining sections of the United States. Considerably less than half of the Lithuanians in the county, however, or about 450 males of working age, representing 60 to 75 families, live in the town proper. At a mining camp which has grown up during the past few years, 4 miles south of the town proper, the majority of the inhabitants are Lithuanians. There are about 450 men of working age among the Lithuanians in the camp, and from 140 to 150 of these men have families with them. The Lithuanians in the community operate 11 stores, 1 barber shop, and 1 tailor shop, which together give employment to about 25 of their own race. There are 8 or 10 carpenters also among the Lithuanians, and one of their number conducts a real estate and labor agency. Practically all of the other men of this race are mine workers. Eight or ten of them are employed as blacksmiths, some as cagers and timbermen, and many as machine runners, but most of them work at loading coal.

The Poles in the county have come in during the past three years, most of them from other mining sections of this country. They have settled in and around the community and have a population embracing 70 or more adult males, of whom 25 are married men with families. The Poles have 1 merchant, 2 tailors, and 1 carpenter among them. Aside from these, the men are at work in the mines principally as loaders. There are a few mine blacksmiths and machine runners among them, and very small numbers of them are beginning to be employed in the less responsible occupations as day laborers or in caging, timbering, track laying, and driving.

The Slovaks have been coming into the county for the past two years, principally from other mining localities of the United States. They now number about 12 families, with 35 or more adult males, all living in the mining camps of the community. The Slovaks are mine workers and are engaged principally in loading coal. In the community's mining camps there are also about 25 Magyar families, including 70 or more males of working age. These people have come

to the community during the past two years, and most of them have come from other mining sections of the United States. Practically all of the men are at work in the mines loading coal.

COMMUNITY No. 10.

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Another locality to which immigration has been significant is found in the county seat of the county adjoining that in which Community No. 9 is situated. Three railroads making connections with all parts of the country run into the town. Although coal mining is the dominant industry, employment is furnished to about 600 persons by local enterprises, including a brewery, shoe factory, and railroad shops. The Twelfth Census gave to the locality a total population of 6,463 persons. The present population is estimated to be between 10,000 and 11,000, made up principally of native whites, negroes, Scotch, English, Welsh, Irish, Germans, North Italians, and South Italians. French, Norwegians, Swedes, Bohemians, Poles, and Chinese are found in very small numbers. The town has 4 coal companies, operating 8 mines, which give employment to about 800 men. comprising this force are approximately as follows:

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135

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70

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Germans were the first immigrants to the locality. They have been coming into this region from Pennsylvania and Ohio, and from Europe since about 1860. At the start many of these people went to the farms and have been in a large measure responsible for the introduction of improved farming methods and the development of agriculture in the surrounding territory. In addition to constituting a large part of the county's farming population, the German people have gradually branched out in other pursuits and are now to be found among the most prominent men in all the business and industrial enterprises carried on in and around the community. These immigrants, however, have never entered the mining industry in any considerable numbers. The German immigrants and their children are estimated to number not much above 50 of the 800 mine workers in the community, which is a proportion much smaller than their percentage of the total population. Those who have gone into the mines are found in all the mining occupations, though more are engaged as engineers, blacksmiths, firemen, and top laborers than as miners.

During the period from 1870 to 1880, Scotch and English in considerable numbers, and Welsh and Irish in smaller numbers, came to the community, and during the greater part of this period constituted the bulk of the mining population. They are regarded as the most capable and adaptable mine workers and are found in all the mining occupations. They predominate in the more responsible positions, such as foremen, superintendents, and examiners. They have not,

however, confined themselves to mine work, but are engaged in the various occupations in all the industries offering employment to the residents of the community. Some of their number also occupy prominent business and industrial positions. As new and more extensive coal fields in neighboring counties have been opened up, these people in common with more recent immigrants have gone in large numbers to the newer fields, in many cases becoming foremen and superintendents at the new mines.

There are about 65 adult male North Italians in the community, and about 20 of these are married men who have their families with them. The first of these people arrived about twenty-five years ago, and nearly all of them came before the year 1900. Since that time their number has tended to decrease rather than to increase, because many of them have moved to the more recently developed coal communities of the State. Twelve of their number are business men in the community, either owning or acting as clerks in saloons, groceries, or butcher shops. The remainder are engaged in the mining occupations, principally as loaders and diggers, but are occasionally found as shift workers in such occupations as caging and timbering. The adult male South Italians in the community number about 75, of whom about 15 are married men having families with them. These people have come to the locality during the past twenty years, and the majority of them have been in the community for more than ten years. Practically all of the men among them are mine workers and are employed chiefly as loaders and diggers. They do not occupy positions of responsibility, such as foremen and examiners, and are rarely found among the force of shift or day workers.

During the decade 1880 to 1890 negroes in considerable numbers from States to the east and south were brought to the community. At first they were employed in the mines, and a large number are still to be found in the various mining occupations. Greater proportions of them, however, are engaged as loaders and diggers than are in the other occupations. Some also are employed in the other local industries and as street workers, railroad laborers, or day laborers on occasional work of various kinds. It is estimated that there are now more than 600 negroes, including 100 to 150 adult males, in the community.

REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITIES IN INDIANA.

The history of immigration to coal-mining communities follows the same general trend in Indiana as in Illinois. In putting forward localities to exhibit in detail the history of immigration, one town or community from the Indiana "block-coal" field has been selected and is presented along with those from the ordinary bituminous regions. The detailed account of the history of immigration to the different localities follows:

COMMUNITY No. 1.

This town is in the southern part of the State and is situated in the heaviest coal-producing region in the State. The seams of coal worked are geological veins Nos. IV and VI. The depth of the mines from the surface varies from 55 to 307 feet, and the thickness of the seams is from 4 feet 6 inches to 5 feet 6 inches.

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