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TABLE 315.-Number of coal-mine employees in Ohio, by county, 1899 and 1907.

[Compiled from the annual reports of the chief inspector of mines for Ohio.]

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TABLE 316.-Number of coal-mine employees in Indiana, by county, 1899 and 1907.

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TABLE 317.-Number of coal-mine employees in Illinois, by district and county, 1899 and

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TABLE 317.-Number of coal-mine employees in Indiana, by district and county, 1899 and 1907-Continued.

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PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED

STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN

EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS.

The following table, showing the period of residence in this country of 9,331 mine workers in the Middle West, from whom detailed information was received, will be found instructive as well as corroborative of the history of immigration to the coal fields. The showing is made in the form of percentages.

TABLE 318.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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Upon examining the total for all races in the preceding table, it is seen that 57.1 per cent have been in this country less than ten years, and 26 per cent less than five years. On the other hand, 22.6 per cent have been in the United States more than twenty years and 20.2 per cent between ten and twenty years. Those who have been in this country more than twenty years include races from Great Britain and northern Europe, and on the other hand those who have a period of residence of less than five years include principally southern and eastern European races, which obviously indicates that new employees in the industry are being secured from these sources. In this connection it is interesting to note that of the total number who have been in the United States less than five years, 154 have been here less than one year and 593 two years only. Consequently the inference is plain that immigrants, the greater numbers of whom have had no experience or training abroad in mining, are employed in the industry in the Middle West immediately after their arrival in this country.

As regards the number of years the different races have been in the United States, the longest period of residence is shown by races from Great Britain and northern Europe. Of the races of southern and eastern Europe, only the Slovak shows any important proportion which has been in the country a considerable number of years, more than 50 per cent of the Slovaks reporting a residence longer than ten years, and 24.8 per cent a residence longer than twenty years. Almost 60 per cent each of the Scotch, Swedes, and English, 75.2 per cent of the Irish, 82.4 per cent of the Welsh, and 49.9 per cent of the Germans employed in the Middle West have been in the United States more than twenty years. A considerable number of English, German, and Scotch immigrants are still entering the mines of this field, but very few Irish and Welsh, as evidenced by the proportions of these races which have a period of residence of less than five years. This is partly to be explained by the fact that the English, German, and Scotch immigrants are coming to the fields of the Middle West from other mining sections of the United States as well as from abroad. The small number of recent Welsh arrivals is due to the comparatively small proportion of immigrants of this race. The lack of any considerable number of Irish of recent arrival arises from the falling off of the immigrants of this race as well as from the fact that the Irish of older immigration are leaving the coal-mining industry, and the Irish of recent arrival are finding more agreeable and remunerative work outside the bituminous coal-mining industry.

The races which have been coming to the fields of the Middle West in greatest numbers during the past four years are the Croatian, North and South Italian, Lithuanian, Magyar, Polish, Russian, and Slovenian. Of the Croatians, 71.2 per cent have been in the United States less than ten years and 21.5 per cent under five years, as compared with 28.7 per cent who have been in the country more than ten years. Twenty-nine and one-tenth per cent of the North Italian employees have been in the country less than five years and about 70 per cent less than ten years. In the case of the South Italians, a greater pro

a See General Table No. 104, Vol. II, p. 430.

b As corroborative of this statement see discussion of occupations abroad of present immigrant mine workers, p. 622.

portion than of North Italians have been in the country less than five years, and more than 80 per cent of the race have a residence less than ten years. Sixty-one and one-tenth per cent of the Lithuanians in the coal communities of the Middle West, 78.3 per cent of the Magyars, 68.3 per cent of the Poles, 67.7 per cent of the Russians, and 71.9 per cent of the Slovenians have been in the United States less than ten years. This showing becomes even more striking when in the same connection it is also noticed that more than 30 per cent of the Slovenians, Russians, Poles, and South Italians, almost 30 per cent of North Italians, and about 40 per cent of the Magyars have been in the country less than five years. Considerable numbers of the same races have a period of residence of less than one year.

The following table shows the per cent of foreign-born persons in the households studied who have been in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual:

TABLE 319.—Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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Only a very small proportion of the individuals in this locality from whom information was obtained have been in the United States twenty years or over, while very nearly 65 per cent have a residence of less than ten years. The Poles show the largest and the Lithuanians the smallest proportions in the country under five years. Of those in the country under ten years, the South Italians show the largest proportion, followed by the Poles, North Italians, and Lithuanians, in the order named. The South Italians report no individuals with a residence of twenty years, while the other races each show less than 10 per cent.

RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME.

No statistics are available, after the year 1900, which give a complete census of mining employees in the Middle West by race or country of birth. The following table, however, compiled from original data secured from individuals working in the field, and showing general nativity and race of employees, indicates in a striking way the complete change in the racial composition of the force employed at the present time as compared with the past periods. A total of 18,737 coal-mining employees were studied in detail and the relative number and per cent of each race appear in the table on the following page.

TABLE 320.-Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race.

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The total number of second generation immigrants at work in the mines is about 14 per cent of the total number of employees, making, with the persons native-born of native father, a proportion equal to about one-half of the total number of persons employed. Obviously, therefore, the foreign-born miners constitute about one-half of the total number of mine workers furnishing information, which is also about the exact proportion of the foreign-born miners in the fields of the Middle West. The total for the second generation of mine workers is composed chiefly of the older English, Irish, Scotch, and German immigrants, the largest number being born of German fathers.

As regards the races of foreign birth, 2,508, or 13.4 per cent of the total number furnishing information, are from Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, and France. This proportion of foreign-born, if combined. with the second generation of the same races, indicates that the English, German, Irish, Welsh, and Scotch races, either of the first or second generation, form about one-fourth of the total employees in and about the mines of the Middle West.

Of the races of southern and eastern Europe the North Italian appears in the largest proportion, the representatives of this race aggregating about one-tenth of the total number of persons who furnish information. The Lithuanian in point of numbers ranks second, and is followed by the Polish, Slovak, Magyar, South Italian,

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