Divided into three sections, the urban center, with its total population of 7,500, 75 per cent of whom are foreign, includes in the eastern section a large number of persons employed in mines J and K. The majority of the inhabitants of the southern section work in mine D, while those of the third section, which embraces all other parts of the town, carry on the general business activities of the town and represent the skilled portion of the population engaged in coal mining. The two subcommunities can be described in connection with the nearest mine locations, as they are inhabited by persons employed in the surrounding mines and a few who conduct the shops and saloons of the settlements. Subcommunity No. 1 is considered with mine location C, and subcommunity No. 2 with mine location B.

TABLE 252.-Races found in each subcommunity.

[In each subcommunity the races are arranged according to numerical importance.]

The map shows 13 mine locations, 8 of which, including C and B, have colonies located around them. Mine I is abandoned, being practically exhausted, and as it is located so near the urban center it would, under normal conditions, be considered as a part of the eastern section of the town. There are no colonies located at mines L and M, the employees living in mine location K and the urban center being transported to and from their work by the mining company on special trains free of charge. Both L and K are new mines, employing a comparatively small number of men. There is no colony at mine D, as it is near enough to the urban center to permit its employees to live within the limits. The majority are in the southern section of the town. Mines E and F are isolated from the rest of the community, and the workers in both live in a colony at mine E, there being no colony at F. The races found in the several mine colonies are given on the page following.

TABLE 253.-Races found in each mine location.

[In each location the races are arranged according to numerical importance.]

Proximity of work and clannishness are the reasons for such congregating as is indicated. The occupations of the inhabitants of the mine locations are all connected with the operation of mining bituminous coal.

The history of immigration to the community dates from the founding of the town. In the year 1897, the mining company began operations relative to the mining of bituminous coal and secured by means of employment agencies about 1,500 men. The colony which these men formed in 1897 has since developed into the urban center. Of the 1,500 men about 80 per cent were English, obtained on account of experience in coal mining in England, and the remainder was composed of various races. Before the company began operations, there were no immigrants in the locality save a few Italians working under the construction department of the branch railroad. In the years 1899 and 1900, the mining company increased the number of its employees by about 2,000. This increase of force by the company brought representatives of nearly all southern and eastern European races into the community. Those coming in the greatest numbers were the Magyar, Slovak, and Polish races. At this time the English began to move away, and to-day only a few of this race are found in the community. The English who have remained, however, are now holding positions in the highest grades of work. Since 1900 there has been a constant movement of immigrants in the community. Nearly all races of Europe have come to the locality; some have remained in large numbers, while others have entirely disappeared. The races found to be numerically preponderant at the present time are, in decreasing order: (1) Magyar, (2) Slovak, (3) Polish, (4) North Italian, (5) South Italian, (6) Russian, (7) Roumanian, (8) German.

PERIOD OF RESIDENCE OF MINE WORKERS.

If the period of residence in the United States of the 2,844 foreignborn miners from whom data relative to time in the United States were secured, be considered in connection with the history of immigration, it is found that 67 have been in the United States less than one year, 389 one year, 473 two, 352 three, and 258 four years; or, in other words, a total of 1,539, or more than one-half of those reporting, have been in the United States less than five years. The principal races in this number, named in order of the most recent arrival in the United States and in the community, are the Magyar, Polish, and North and South Italian. The North Italian, Magyar, Polish, and Slovak cover all periods of residence. Fifty Slovaks and a few Magyars, Poles, Swedes, Scotch, Irish, French, and English have been in the country more than 20 years. The periods of residence are shown in detail, by races, in the table which follows:

TABLE 254.-Number of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad.]

RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF MINING EMPLOYEES.

As the result of a detailed investigation, data regarding race were received from 3,015 of the mine employees of the community. Of the total number thus reporting, 104 are native-born of native father, 66 native-born of foreign father, and 2,845 foreign-born. Of the 66 who were native-born of foreign father, 24 are persons whose fathers were born in Austria-Hungary, and 31 are persons whose fathers were born in England, Ireland, Scotland, or Wales. Of the foreignborn, 940 are Magyars, the Slovaks ranking second with 743. The Poles are third in point of numbers, and the North and South

Italians fourth and fifth, respectively. The detailed presentation of the various races follows: