The preceding table shows that on the average 18.8 per cent of the immigrants make visits to their native land. By periods of residence it is seen that of those who have been here less than five years 11.1 per cent, and of those who have been here five years and over 23 per cent, have made such visits. When the races reporting larger numbers are examined in detail, it is seen that the South Italians, North Italians, Slovaks, English, and Magyars lead in the relative numbers who make visits to their native land, with 27.6 per cent, 24 per cent, 24.6 per cent, 22.6 per cent, and 20.5 per cent, respectively. Among these races the greatest relative numbers return for visits after being here ten years or more, nearly 40 per cent of the North and South Italians and about 30 per cent of the Slovaks of this classification having made return visits.

The races showing relatively the smallest numbers of those who make such visits are the Lithuanian, with but 4.4 per cent, Bohemian and Moravian, with but 4.6 per cent, and German with 8.6 per cent. Among the Polish, Slovenian, and Russian, about 12 per cent have visited their native country. In general, the races of later immigration seem to make these visits after shorter periods of residence here than do the races of earlier immigration; e. g., of the English, Scotch, and Germans who have resided here less than five years, only about 6 per cent have visited the countries whence they came, while among the more numerous races of more recent coming, the percentages of those with a residence less than five years making visits abroad are: Polish 8, Russian 8, Croatian 11.1, North Italian 11.6, South Italian 16.6, Magyar 12.9, and Slovak 15.9. This would indicate that the races of older immigration from Great Britain and northern Europe return abroad for a visit after a considerable period of residence in this country and after they have attained an economic status which would give their visit largely a sentimental significance. On the other hand, the frequency and large proportion of visits, occurring along with a short period of residence among recent immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, would indicate a labor supply which is temporary and unsettled, the relative permanence of which is quickly responsive to industrial conditions in this country.

AGE CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR

HOUSEHOLDS.

The ages of immigrant mine workers and members of their households are presented in the table which follows, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household. The first section shows the ages of males in the households studied, according to specified groups; the second makes the same exhibit for the females; and the third presents the total of both sexes.

TABLE 232.—Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

In the first section of the table, which sets forth figures concerning males exclusively, the highest percentage for any one group of nativeborn persons is shown by those between the years of 6 and 13. Among the foreign-born, the Slovaks and Poles are numerically preponderant, while the Bohemians and English are reported in the smallest numbers. Among the foreign-born males, the highest group percentages are entered for persons under 6 years of age and between 30 and 44 years. In the latter group are found 33.3 per cent of the Lithuanians reporting, which is the highest group percentage for any one

race.

Comparing the second part of the table with the first, it is noticed that 50 per cent of the foreign-born females are under the age of 13 and 30 per cent are under 6 years of age, as against 40.3 per cent of the foreign-born males under 13 years. The comparison also shows that the number of foreign-born females between 20 and 44 years of age is much smaller than that of males of the same age. The number of English, both male and female, over 45 years of age, exceeds that of any other one race. The number of Germans takes second rank in this regard. Inspection of the tables also discloses the fact that young people, of both sexes, are more numerous among the native-born than among the foreign-born. Comparatively few youths are found among the foreign-born, the majority of the persons reporting being divided between children and individuals of marriageable age, which implies that the family groups are well organized among the native-born, and that the foreign-born are very largely unmarried persons and persons recently married.

The following table shows the per cent of male employees within each age group, by general nativity and race:

TABLE 233.-Per cent of male employees within each age group, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

TABLE 233.-Per cent of male employees within each age group, by general nativity and race-Continued.

Of 48,806 male employees shown in the above table, the greatest proportion in any one age group are from 35 to 44 years of age, followed by those who are 25 to 29, the per cent who are from 20 to 24 being only slightly smaller. A very small proportion are 55 years of age or over.

The

The employees who are native-born of foreign father show by far the highest per cent who are from 14 to 29 years of age. employees who are native-born whites of native father show the next proportion, followed by the foreign-born employees and the negroes who are native-born of native father, in the order mentioned. Of those 30 to 54 years of age, the native-born negroes of native father, followed by the foreign-born, show the highest per cent, while the whites native-born of native father and those who are nativeborn of foreign father follow in considerably smaller proportions. Of the employees who are 55 years of age or over, the negroes show the highest per cent, followed by the native-born whites of native father. The employees who are of foreign birth and those who are native-born of foreign father show considerably smaller proportions in this group.

Of the employees who are native-born of foreign father, those whose fathers were born in Italy and Russia show over 1 per cent under 14 years of age. No employees of other parentage show as high as 1 per cent, and none of the employees whose fathers were born in France and Ireland are under 14 years of age. None of those whose fathers were born in Italy are over 35 years of age and none

whose fathers were born in Austria-Hungary or Russia are as much as 45 years of age. The employees in this group whose fathers were born in France, Germany, Ireland, or Wales show the highest per cents who are 45 years of age or over.

Of the foreign-born employees, the French and the North Italians alone show a small proportion who are under 14 years of age. It will be further observed that the races of older immigration show a smaller per cent of young persons and a higher per cent in the groups of older persons than do the more recent immigrants from southern and eastern Europe.