every room in the house or apartment has been included, even the rooms used for cooking and eating.

Data relative to crowding within the sleeping rooms are presented in the table which follows. The table shows the number and per cent of households having each specified number of persons per sleeping Both numbers and percentages are cumulative as indicated by the column headings. For comparative purposes it would be highly desirable to show the number of adult persons per sleeping room, but, as explained in connection with a previous table relating to rent per capita, such a presentation would involve the arbitrary fixing of age limits and a large amount of additional work in tabulation, so that the plan has not been followed in this report.

TABLE 212.-Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

The South Italian households have the highest average number of persons per sleeping room, 3.63; the Slovenian households the second highest, 3.50; and the Polish households the third highest, 3.46. The native-born white persons have the lowest average, 2.27; the Irish rank second, 2.50; and the English third, 2.63. The table shows for the native-born white that the average number of persons per sleeping room was six or more in 3 per cent of the households, five or more in 3 per cent, four or more in 12.1 per cent, three or more in 33.3 per cent, and two or more in 63.6 per cent of the households.

For the Croatian households, the average number per sleeping room was six or more in 8.1 per cent of the households, five or more in 17.1 per cent, four or more in 32.4 per cent, three or more in 63.1 per cent, and two or more in 91 per cent of the households.

Considering only such races as are represented by 20 or more households, the percentages for the several races vary materially. An average of six or more persons per sleeping room is found in 11.1 per cent of the Russian households, 10.9 per cent of the Slovak households, 9.4 per cent of the South Italian households, 3 per cent of the native households, and none of the German households. per cent of households having an average of five or more persons per sleeping room varies from none of the German households to 20.9 per cent of the Ruthenian households.

The

In compiling this table all rooms used for sleeping purposes have been included, even though such rooms may be used for other purposes, as is the case in a number of instances.

The general effects of the congestion set forth in the preceding tables, become quickly apparent in a consideration of the living conditions or domestic arrangements of the households of coal-mining employees. It is obvious that the crowded conditions in all rooms, and especially in sleeping rooms, interfere very seriously with the household arrangements for cooking, eating, and living in general. This situation is presented in the table below, which exhibits the average number of rooms per household, the average number of sleeping rooms, and the number and proportion of rooms not used for sleeping purposes.

TABLE 213.-Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household."

Of the grand total of 1,340 households, 27 use every room for sleeping. The races represented in the 27 households are Croatian, Lithuanian, Magyar, Polish, Russian, and Slovak. The 33 native households have an average of 5.27 rooms per household. None of these occupy all rooms for sleeping, 9.1 per cent occupy all rooms but one, and 24.2 per cent occupy all rooms but two. The 111 Croatian households have an average of 4.14 rooms per household, 2.7 per cent of the households occupying all rooms for sleeping, 37.8 per cent all rooms but one, and 38.7 per cent all rooms but two. The table indicates that the Russian households are in the worst condition. For that race the average number of rooms per household is 3.22, which is the lowest average for any race. Two, or 5.6 per cent, of the 36 Russian households occupy all rooms for sleeping; 27, or 75 per cent, occupy all rooms but one; and 7, or 19.4 per cent, occupy all rooms but two.

CHAPTER VI.

GENERAL COST AND STANDARD OF LIVING.

Explanation of study-Salient facts relative to the families studied-Food and general living expenditures.-Detailed expenditures of families studied.—[Text Tables 214 to 216.]

EXPLANATION OF STUDY.

The series of tabulations next presented is designed to afford an insight into the cost of living and to furnish an idea of the general standard of living of families of representative races, whose heads are employed in the Pennsylvania bituminous mines. The data were secured from the records of mining and store companies, and the period covered is from April 1 to June 30, 1909. A total of 24 families of 9 races were selected for detailed presentation. The American families were chosen for purposes of comparison with those whose heads were foreign-born, and an effort was made to select American families whose heads were engaged in practically the same occupations as those whose heads were of foreign birth. The results of the tabulations are not considered sufficiently extensive to justify any sweeping conclusions, but are presented with the object of affording the basis for a general conception of the cost and standards of living which prevail in Pennsylvania bituminous localities.

SALIENT FACTS RELATIVE TO THE FAMILIES STUDIED.

The first table presented exhibits in a summary form the salient facts relative to the families studied. It shows the number of persons in the families, age and sex of children, occupations and earnings of head, and expenditures for rent, fuel, light, and general living.

353

TABLE 214.-Summary statement of families whose budgets were studied, by race of head of family, April 1 to June 30, 1909.

Native-born of native father,

White: