cent have boarders or lodgers, and of the total number studied in this industry in Pennsylvania 50.5 per cent have boarders or lodgers. In other words, slightly less than one-half of the households are without members outside of the family. The preceding table should be studied in connection with the one which follows, showing the average number of boarders or lodgers. per household. In one column the average based on the total number of households is presented, and in another is shown the average based on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers. TABLE 206.—Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule, and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.] This discussion and explanation is confined to the last column of this table, which shows the average based on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers, although the next to the last column will be found equally interesting. Among the more recent immigrants the average is 5.60 in Croatian households, 3.49 ir North Italian, 4.15 in South Italian, etc. The average for the 675 foreign families keeping boarders or lodgers is 3.92. Combining the information shown in Tables 205 and 206 it is seen that while the Lithuanians have the highest per cent (72.8) of households keeping boarders or lodgers, the average number is 3.34 per household, seven other races having a higher average. The Croatians have the second highest per cent (72.1) keeping boarders or lodgers, and the highest average number (5.60) per household. SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED. The table which follows shows the per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms: TABLE 207.-Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] The table shows that the typical apartment has four rooms. Of the 1,340 households 54.3 per cent occupy apartments of that size. The proportions occupying four-room apartments vary from 24.2 per cent of the native households to 68.5 per cent of the Croatian households. Referring to the race represented by the largest number of households, the Slovak, it is seen that of the 384 households 14.6 per cent occupy two-room apartments, 15.9 per cent three-room apartments, 57.3 per cent four-room apartments, 7.8 per cent fiveroom apartments, 3.9 per cent six-room apartments, and 0.5 per cent apartments of seven or more rooms. SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. Data relative to the size of the households are presented in the next table, showing percentages for households of each specified number of persons. TABLE 208.-Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] 888 .0 4.9 8.8 12.4 12.5 14.0 12.8 12.8 7.2 14.7 .0 5.58 .0 6.1 21.2 9.1 6.1 21.2 12.1 15.2 9.1 The average size of the 1,340 households is 6.62 persons. The average varies from 5.58 in the native households to 8.22 in the South Italian households. The second highest average is 7.73 in the Croatian households. CONGESTION. The tables under this title present data relative to the number of persons in the household, and to the number of rooms in the apartment. The first of the tables, which immediately follows, shows for each race the average number of persons occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms. TABLE 209.-Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 100 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all The worst crowding is generally found in the smaller apartments. The worst congestion in the Croatian households is found in the four-room apartments, where the households average 7.58 persons, or 1.90 per room. The North Italian households average: In the threeroom apartments, 5.79 persons, or 1.93 per room; in the four-room apartments, 7.32 persons, or 1.83 per room; in the five-room apartments, 7.29 persons, or 1.46 per room; and in the six-room apartments, 8.20 persons, or 1.37 per room. In practically every case there is a gradual lessening of the crowding as the number of rooms increases, and taking the foreign households as a whole, congestion is greater in the two-room apartments than in any other. For convenient comparison, the table which follows is presented. It shows the average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room. TABLE 210.—Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. The South Italian households have the highest average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room. The Croatian households have the second highest average number of persons per apartment, the third highest average number of persons per room, and the fifth highest number of persons per sleeping room. The Roumanian households have the lowest average number of persons per apartment, the eighth lowest average number of per room, and the sixth lowest average number of persons per sleeping room. The native households have the second lowest average number of persons per apartment, and the lowest average number of persons per room and per sleeping room. persons The table which follows shows the number and per cent of households having each specified number of persons per room. Both numbers and percentages are cumulative, as indicated by the column headings. TABLE 211.-Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. The South Italian households have the highest average number of persons per room, 1.99; the Russian households are only slightly lower, with 1.98; the Croatian households have the third highest, 1.87. The native-born white have the lowest average, 1.06; the Irish rank second, 1.22; and the English third, 1.23. The table shows for the native households that the average number of persons per room was two or more in 12.1 per cent of the households and one or more in 54.5 per cent of the households. For the Croatian households, the average number per room was four or more in 2.7 per cent of the households, three or more in 16.2 per cent, two or more in 39.6 per cent, and one or more in 88.3 per cent of the households. Marked differences among the races are noted in respect to the number of persons per room. If only the races represented by 20 or more households are considered, the per cent of households averaging three or more persons per room varies from none of the native and German households to 19.4 per cent of the Russian households. The per cent averaging two or more persons per room varies from 12.1 per cent of the native households to 57.8 per cent of the South Italian households. The per cent averaging one or more persons per room varies from 54.5 per cent of the native households to 93.8 per cent of the South Italian households. It should be borne in mind that in computing the average number of persons per room, |